Effect of combined versus individual intranasal dexmedetomidine and ketamine on intraocular pressure in pediatric patients

Figures & data

Figure 1. Consort diagram of the study population and their allocated groups.

Table 1. General characteristics of the studied groups.

		Group D (n = 36)	Group DK (n = 42)	Group K (n = 40)	P-value
Age (years)	Mean ±SD	4.2 ± 1.3	4.3 ± 1.2	4 ± 1.3	0.675
Sex
Males	n (%)	21 (58.3)	23 (54.8)	22 (55)	0.941
Females	n (%)	15 (41.7)	19 (45.2)	18 (45)
ASA
ASA I	n (%)	28 (77.8)	31 (73.8)	31 (77.5)	0.896
ASA II	n (%)	8 (22.2)	11 (26.2)	9 (22.5)

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Figure 2. Intraocular pressure (mmHg) of the right and left eyes before and after sedation in the studied groups.

Table 2. Intraocular pressure of the right and left eyes before and after sedation in the studied groups.

IOP (mmHg)		Group D (n = 36)	Group DK (n = 42)	Group K (n = 40)	P-value
Right eye
Before sedation	Mean ± SD	17 ± 4	16 ± 4	16 ± 4	0.654
After sedation	Mean ± SD	13 ± 3^a	16 ± 4^b	17 ± 3^b	<0.001*
P-value		<0.001*	0.109	<0.001*
Left eye
Before sedation	Mean ± SD	17 ± 3	16 ± 4	16 ± 3	0.799
After sedation	Mean ± SD	13 ± 3^a	16 ± 4^b	17 ± 3^b	<0.001*
		<0.001*	0.243	<0.001*

*Significant P-value; IOP: Intraocular pressure; Small letters indicate significant pair if different and a non-significant pair if similar.

Table 3. Secondary outcomes in the studied groups.

		Group D (n = 36)	Group DK (n = 42)	Group K (n = 40)	P-value
Sedation scale
Ramsay 3	n (%)	8 (22.2)	4 (9.5)	26 (65)	<0.001*
Ramsay 4	n (%)	19 (52.8)	22 (52.4)	14 (35)
Ramsay 5	n (%)	9 (25)	16 (38.1)	0 (0)
Post sedation NV	n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	10 (25)	<0.001*
Agitation	n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	25 (62.5)	<0.001*
Heart rate (BPM)
Before sedation	Mean ±SD	100 ± 6	100 ± 7	99 ± 7	0.878
After sedation	Mean ±SD	89 ± 7^a	97 ± 6^b	99 ± 7^b	<0.001*
Sedation onset (min)	Mean ±SD	19 ± 3^a	10 ± 1^b	25 ± 5^c	<0.001*

*Significant P-value; NV: nausea and vomiting; Small letters indicate significant pair if different and a non-significant pair if similar.

BPM (Beat Per Minute).

Table 4. Multivariate linear regression analysis to predict intraocular pressure after sedation.

	For right eye		For left eye
	B (95% CI)	P-value	B (95% CI)	P-value
Age (years)	0.03 (-0.505–0.564)	0.913	0.145 (-0.36–0.649)	0.571
Sex	-0.451 (-1.807–0.905)	0.511	-0.054 (-1.335–1.227)	0.934
ASA	0.745 (-0.838–2.328)	0.353	1.115 (-0.38–2.61)	0.142
Group
D	-4.614 (-6.28 - -2.948)	<0.001*	-4.334 (-5.907 - -2.761)	<0.001*
DK	-1.135 (-2.741–0.472)	0.164	-0.953 (-2.47–0.564)	0.216
K	R	R	R	R

*Significant P-value; R: Reference category; B: Regression coefficient; 95% CI: 95% Confidence interval; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Data availability statement

The datasets of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.