First timetree of Sphyraenidae (Percomorpha) reveals a Middle Eocene crown age and an Oligo–Miocene radiation of barracudas

Figures & data

Table I. List of sphyraenid species included in this study with data on total length (TL), habitat type (reef, non-reef) and biogeographic region.

Species	TL (cm)	Reef	Distribution	Biogeography
Sphyraena acutipinnis	80	Reef	tropical	Indo-Pacific
Sphyraena africana	60	Reef	tropical	Indo-Pacific
Sphyraena argentea	167	Non-reef	temperate	Eastern Pacific
Sphyraena barracuda	200	Reef	subtropical	Worldwide
Sphyraena chrysotaenia	30	Non-reef	subtropical	Indo-Pacific
Sphyraena ensis	146	Non-reef	tropical	Eastern Pacific
Sphyraena flavicauda	60	Reef	tropical	Indo-Pacific
Sphyraena forsteri	75	Reef	tropical	Indo-Pacific
Sphyraena guachancho	200	Non-reef	subtropical	Western Atlantic, Eastern Atlantic
Sphyraena helleri	80	Reef	subtropical	Indo-Pacific
Sphyraena iburiensis	27	Non-reef	subtropical	Western Pacific
Sphyraena idiastes	91	Reef	subtropical	Eastern Pacific
Sphyraena japonica	40	Non-reef	temperate	Western Pacific
Sphyraena jello	150	Reef	tropical	Indo-Pacific
Sphyraena obtusata	55	Reef	tropical	Indo-Pacific
Sphyraena picudilla	61	Reef	tropical	Western Atlantic, Eastern Atlantic
Sphyraena pinguis	50	Non-reef	tropical	Western Pacific
Sphyraena putnamae	90	Reef	tropical	Indo-Pacific
Sphyraena sphyraena	165	Non-reef	subtropical	Western Atlantic, Eastern Atlantic
Sphyraena viridensis	147	Non-reef	tropical	Eastern Atlantic

Figure 1. Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis inferred with MrBayes 3.2. Numbers below branches indicate posterior probability support for each clade.

Figure 2. Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees (BEAST) chronogram of sphyraenids. Blue bars indicate 95% highest posterior density (HPD). Fish images modified under Creative Commons license from original photographs by J.E. Randall (retrieved from www.fishbase.org).

Figure 3. Maximum parsimony mapping of reef vs. non-reef association on Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees (BEAST) chronogram.