On the interplay between phylogeny and environment on behaviour of two urban bird species, Columba livia and Corvus corone (Aves)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flight distance (logged) for each group tested.

Table I. Significance of the fixed effects of the environment and taxonomy, and their interaction on the flight distance of birds (LMM).

Response: flight distance	DF	F	P-values
Environment	1.29	332.70	< 0.0001
Species	1.29	1681.20	< 0.0001
Environment*species	1.29	173.44	< 0.0001

Table II. Estimates ± standard error (SE) of the mixed model.

Species	Environment	Estimates ± SE
Crows	Rural	8.4437 + 0.07612
Crows	Urban	6.0525 + 0.09827
Pigeons	Rural	8.0080 + 0.07612
Pigeons	Urban	3.3540 + 0.09098