Pro-social bystander sexual violence prevention workshops for first year university students: perspectives of students and staff of residential colleges

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram of retention of the BITB participants and the control group.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of bystander efficacy by group and by time.

Measure	Group	Time 1				Time 2
		n	Mean	SD	Range	n	Mean	SD	Range
Bystander efficacy	Control group	41	27.28	16.37	1.83–70.83	41	30.72	20.42	1.67–100
	BITB participants	25	28.93	12.00	8.92–48.42	25	25.72	11.34	4.25–46.58

Notes: The bystander efficacy score decreased from time 1 to time 2 for the BITB participants, indicating higher level of bystander efficacy, while it increased in the control group, suggesting reduced bystander efficacy in this group. This change is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Bystander Efficacy Scale results for the control group and the BITB participants in two surveys.

Table 2. Bystanding behaviour frequencies by group and by survey.

Item		BITB participants n			Control group n
		Survey 1	Survey 3	Total	Survey 1	Survey 3	Total
Told someone to stop talking down to, harassing, or messing (not in a playful way) with someone else?	Non-Actionist	16	13	29	34	17	51
	Frequent Actionist	19	14	33	31	13	44
	Total	35	27	62	65	30	95
		χ^2 (1, N = 62) = 0.036, p = .849			χ^2 (1, N = 95) = 0.1569, p = .6921
Spoken up when you heard someone blaming a victim of domestic violence or sexual assault?	Non-actionist	13	10	23	22	20	42
	Frequent actionist	11	14	25	14	14	28
	Total	24	24	48	36	34	70
		χ^2 (1, N = 48) = 0.7513, p = .3861			χ^2 (1, N = 70) = 0.0381, p = .8452
Talked to a friend who told you he or she was being physically hurt by a boyfriend/girlfriend?	Non-actionist	12	9	21	39	19	53
	Frequent actionist	25	12	37	28	19	52
	Total	37	21	58	67	38	105
		χ^2 (1, N = 58) = 0.6303, p = .4272			χ^2 (1, N = 105) = 0.6608, p = .4162
Asked someone that looked very upset at a party/dance/sports event if they were okay or needed help?	Non-actionist	21	11	32	47	13	64
	Frequent actionist	16	11	27	32	15	43
	Total	37	22	59	79	28	107
		χ^2 (1, N = 59) = 0.2538, p = .0614			χ^2 (1, N = 107) = 1.432, p = .2313
Spoken up to someone who was bragging or making excuses for forcing someone to have sex with them?	Non-actionist	8	10	18	9	22	31
	Frequent actionist	4	9	13	5	8	13
	Total	12	19	31	14	30	44
		χ^2 (1, N= 31) = 0.595, p = .4405			χ^2 (1, N = 44) = 0.3754, p = .5401
	Fisher’s Exact Test	p = .4677			p = .3921
Got help for a friend because they had been forced to have sex or were physically hurt by a boyfriend/girlfriend?	Non-actionist	18	9	27	13	21	34
	Frequent actionist	5	6	11	7	9	16
	Total	23	15	38	20	30	50
		χ^2 (1, N = 38) = 1.4719, p = .225			χ^2 (1, N = 50) = 0.1379, p = .7104

Note: As can be seen in this table, no significant association was found between BITB participation and bystanding behaviour.