Revisiting inclusion in smart cities: infrastructural hybridization and the institutionalization of citizen participation in Bengaluru’s peripheries

Figures & data

Table 1. Trajectory of urbanization in Bengaluru (1981-2011).^a

Indicators	1981	1991	2001	2011
Total population (million)	2.9	4.13	5.69	8.52
Total area (km^2)	365.65	445.91	531.00	709.10
Decadal growth of population (%)^b	76	41.36	37.69	52.49
Average annual growth rate^b	5.8	3.52	3.25	4.31
Density of population (per km^2)	7991	9263	10,710	12,017

^a Census data from 1981 till 2001 retrieved from the article by Pellissery et al. (2016), 2011 Census data based on ‘District Census Handbook Bangalore’ (Government of Karnataka, 2011).

^b Decadal and average annual growth refer to the growth in respect to the ten years before the indicated year: (1971–1981, 1981–1991, 1991–2001 and 2001–2011).

Figure 1. Urbanization in Bengaluru: population growth per ward (2011 census data). Source of data: District Census Handbook Bangalore (Directorate of census operations Karnataka, 2014).

Figure 2. The state’s tap water network in Bengaluru: percentual household coverage per ward (BWSBB, 2017). Source: Smart City Challenge Round 3: Smart City Proposal Bengaluru [Annexures, p. 5] (GoI, 2017).

Figure 3. The state’s sewerage network in Bengaluru: percentual household coverage per ward (BWSBB, 2017). Source: Smart City Challenge Round 3: Smart City Proposal Bengaluru [Annexures, p. 5] (GoI, 2017).

Figure 4. Splintered infrastructure facilitation, by-pass urbanization and segregation in Bengaluru’s peripheries (Source: picture taken by corresponding author, 11 March 2020).

Pellissery, S., Chakradhar, A., Iyer, D., Lahiri, M., Ram, N., Mallick, N., … Harish, P. (2016). Regulation in crony capitalist state: The case of planning laws in bangalore. Der öffentliche Sektor (The Public Sector): Planning, Land, and Property: Framing Spatial Politics in Another age of Austerity, 42(1), 110.

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