Antimicrobial and Antitumor Photodynamic Effects of Phleichrome from the Phytopathogenic Fungus Cladosporium Phlei

Figures & data

Table 1. Photoinactivation results for the different bacterial strains under the dark condition.

Gram type	Strain	Concentration of phleichrome (μg/disk)
		0	5	10	25	50
Gram (+)	Bacillus cereus	–	–	–	9.7 ± 0.5	10.5 ± 0.2*^a
	Bacillus infantis	–	–	–	9.8 ± 0.2	11.4 ± 0.1*
	Enterococcus faecium	–	–	–	–	–
	Enterococcus hirae	–	–	–	–	–
	Staphylococcus saprophyticus	–	–	–	–	–
	Staphylococcus xylosus	–	–	–	–	–
Gram (−)	Cronobacter sakazakii	–	–	–	–	–
	Enterobacter cowanii	–	–	–	–	–
	Escherichia coli	–	–	–	–	–
	Escherichia hermannii	–	–	–	–	–
	Pantoea agglomerans	–	–	–	–	–
	Pantoea ananatis	–	–	–	–	–
	Pantoea anthophila	–	–	–	–	–

All numerical results indicate diameters of the inhibition zones (mm).

^at-test was performed at p = .05 versus the value of 25 μg/disk.

*denotes significant difference at p < .05.

Table 2. Photoinactivation results for the different bacterial strains under the illuminated condition.

Gram type	Strain	Concentration of phleichrome (μg/disk)
		0	5	10	25	50
Gram (+)	Bacillus cereus	–	12.7 ± 0.9a^a	14.3 ± 0.6ab	17.0 ± 0.7bc	17.6 ± 0.3c
	Bacillus infantis	–	13.1 ± 0.1a	14.4 ± 0.9ab	15.2 ± 0.6ab	15.8 ± 0.4b
	Enterococcus faecium	–	–	–	14.2 ± 0.7	16.7 ± 0.4*^b
	Enterococcus hirae	–	–	–	13.7 ± 0.2	15.6 ± 0.3*
	Staphylococcus saprophyticus	–	10.8 ± 0.5a	14.2 ± 1.1ab	15.3 ± 0.6bc	19.4 ± 1.4c
	Staphylococcus xylosus	–	12.6 ± 0.6a	13.6 ± 0.6ab	14.9 ± 0.6ab	15.7 ± 0.8b
Gram (−)	Cronobacter sakazakii	–	–	–	–	–
	Enterobacter cowanii	–	–	–	–	–
	Escherichia coli	–	–	–	–	–
	Escherichia hermannii	–	–	–	–	–
	Pantoea agglomerans	–	–	–	–	–
	Pantoea ananatis	–	11.8 ± 0.4a	14.5 ± 1.0ab	14.5 ± 0.3ab	16.6 ± 1.0b
	Pantoea anthophila	–	–	–	–	–

All numerical results indicate diameters of the inhibition zones (mm).

^aStatistical analyses were performed using ANOVA at p = .05 using SPSS software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Different letters (a, b, and c) indicate values significantly different from the other treatment.

^bt-test was performed at p = .05 versus the value of 25 μg/disk.*denotes significant difference at p < .05.

Figure 1. Effects of phleichrome on cancer cell viability. Cell viability was measured in (A) HepG2, (B) HeLa, (C) SW480, and (D) MCF-7 cell lines under dark (black bar) and illuminated conditions (white bar). Results are the means ± standard deviation (SD) of triplicate independent experiments. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA at p = .05 using SPSS software (version 23.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).