Fungal Microbiome of Alive and Dead Korean Fir in its Native Habitats

Figures & data

Figure 1. Image of the cone and leaves of Abies koreana on Mt. Halla (photograph taken on June 7 2020).

Figure 2. Image of alive and dead Abies koreana in Mt. Halla (photograph taken on June 7 2020).

Figure 3. Three soil sampling sites in Mts. Deogyu, Halla, and Jiri (the map was downloaded from Google Earth version 9.169.0.0, accessed on August 31 2022).

Table 1. List of sampling sites and their geographic coordinates.

Study site	Plant status	GPS coordination		Altitude (a.s.l.)	Sampling date
		Latitude	Longitude
Mt. Deogyu (Seolcheonbong)	Alive	N35°51′42.4″	E127°44′42.8″	1590.2 m	May 31 2020
	Dead	N35°51′40.0″	E127°44′42.1″	1599.6 m
Mt. Halla (Witseoreum)	Alive	N33°21′44.8″	E126°31′09.2″	1694.8 m	June 7 2020
	Dead	N33°21′45.1″	E126°31′08.5″	1697.7 m
Mt. Jiri (Nogodan)	Alive	N35°17′46.3″	E127°31′49.1″	1441.7 m	July 6 2020
	Dead	N35°17′46.3″	E127°31′46.8″	1442.9 m

Table 2. List of samples obtained from the natural habitats of Abies koreana.

Sample name	Sampling site	Plant status	Soil zone	Number of samples^a
Deogyu_AP^b	Mt. Deogyu	Alive	Rhizoplane	3
Deogyu_AS^c			Rhizosphere	3
Deogyu_DP^d		Dead	Rhizoplane	3
Deogyu_DS^e			Rhizosphere	3
Halla_AP^f	Mt. Halla	Alive	Rhizoplane	3
Halla_AS^g			Rhizosphere	3
Halla_DP^h		Dead	Rhizoplane	3
Halla_DS^i			Rhizosphere	3
Jiri_AP^j	Mt. Jiri	Alive	Rhizoplane	3
Jiri_AS^k			Rhizosphere	3
Jiri_DP^l		Dead	Rhizoplane	3
Jiri_DS^m			Rhizosphere	3

^aEach rhizoplane and rhizosphere sample was collected from three individuals of both alive and dead Korean fir trees at each study site and pooled into one representative samples.

^bRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^cRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^dRhizoplane sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^eRhizosphere sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^fRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

^gRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

^hRhizoplane sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

ⁱRhizosphere sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

^jRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

^kRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

^lRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

^mRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

Table 3. Physiochemical properties of rhizosphere soil.

Sample		Particle size distribution				pH	OM^a (%)	TN^b (%)	AP^c (mg kg^−1)	CEC^d (cmolc kg^–1)	Exchangeable cation (cmolc kg^–1)				EC^e (ds m^–1)	NaCl (%)
Site	Plant status	Sand (%)	Silt (%)	Clay (%)	Soil textile classification						K^+	Na^+	Ca^2+	Mg^2+
Mt. Deogyu (Seolcheonbong)	Alive	44.3	47.1	8.7	L (loam)	4.5	18.41	0.93	23.0	25.52	0.65	0.11	1.47	0.88	0.86	0.018
	Dead	44.2	47.5	8.4	L (loam)	4.3	15.72	0.82	23.7	23.10	0.48	0.09	1.59	0.69	0.97	0.003
Mt. Halla (Witseoreum)	Alive	48.0	47.2	4.8	SL (sandy loam)	4.9	27.25	1.50	42.4	29.85	0.81	0.15	1.15	1.29	0.67	0.009
	Dead	58.7	35.8	5.5	SL (sandy loam)	5.4	8.45	0.38	25.8	14.81	0.17	0.08	0.57	0.40	0.27	0.003
Mt. Jiri (Nogodan)	Alive	56.1	35.4	8.5	SL (sandy loam)	5.4	12.53	0.58	40.5	19.07	0.30	0.07	3.28	0.81	0.40	0.003
	Dead	56.8	34.7	8.5	SL (sandy loam)	4.9	18.26	0.84	29.6	22.81	0.41	0.06	1.09	0.71	0.37	0.004

^a Organic matter.

^b Total nitrogen.

^c Available phosphate.

^d Cation exchange capacity.

^e Electrical conductivity.

Figure 4. Relative abundance of the top three dominant phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota) in alive and dead Korean fir soils from Mt. Deogyu, Mt. Halla, and Mt. Jiri.

Table 4. Comparison of taxonomic groups identified by Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis.

Sample name	Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus
Deogyu_AP^a	6	12	26	45	51
Deogyu_AS^b	3	6	12	37	37
Deogyu_DP^c	3	15	28	41	39
Deogyu_DS^d	6	14	29	29	29
Halla_AP^e	5	10	16	15	15
Halla_AS^f	3	9	12	25	25
Halla_DP^g	5	14	28	39	46
Halla_DS^h	7	14	28	48	51
Jiri_AP^i	5	13	24	34	37
Jiri_AS^j	5	12	26	36	39
Jiri_DP^k	4	7	10	28	29
Jiri_DS^l	5	13	28	37	35

^aRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^bRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^cRhizoplane sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^dRhizosphere sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^eRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

^fRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

^gRhizoplane sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

^hRhizosphere sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

ⁱRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

^jRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

^kRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

^lRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

Figure 5. Relative abundance of major families in alive and dead Korean fir soils from Mt. Deogyu, Mt. Halla, and Mt. Jiri. Mortierellaceae, Russulaceae, Sebacinaceae, and Serendipitaceae were the major constituents of each fungal community.

Figure 6. Relative abundance of major genera in alive and dead Korean fir soils from Mt. Deogyu, Mt. Halla, and Mt. Jiri.

Figure 7. Hierarchical clustering of sequences classified at the genus level. The soil samples from the healthy trees in each study location were clustered together, while those from the dead trees in each study site were also grouped together.

Figure 8. Beta diversity among the study sites (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ****p < 0.0001).

Table 5. Comparison of fugal diversity indices of each representative sample.

Sample name	Shannon	Chao1	InvSimpson
Deogyu_AP^a	1.54	49.00	2.51
Deogyu_AS^b	1.59	13.00	3.75
Deogyu_DP^c	2.90	53.00	11.99
Deogyu_DS^d	2.94	54.00	11.85
Halla_AP^e	2.32	28.00	6.20
Halla_AS^f	2.15	22.00	6.06
Halla_DP^g	2.59	57.00	7.05
Halla_DS^h	1.73	51.00	2.22
Jiri_AP^i	2.23	47.00	4.71
Jiri_AS^j	2.77	56.00	10.46
Jiri_DP^k	1.21	16.00	2.19
Jiri_DS^l	2.11	47.00	3.75

^aRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^bRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^cRhizoplane sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^dRhizosphere sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Deogyu.

^eRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

^fRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

^gRhizoplane sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

^hRhizosphere sample from dead Korean fir trees on Mt. Halla.

ⁱRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

^jRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

^kRhizoplane sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

^lRhizosphere sample from alive Korean fir trees on Mt. Jiri.

Figure 9. Heat tree showing the abundance of fungal genera with p < 0.05 based on the plant’s status (alive and dead). The color represents the percent of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) assigned to each taxon (blue represents an alive tree and yellow represents a dead tree, respectively). Node diameter is proportional to the out counts and edge width is proportional to the number of reads.

Data availability statement

All fastq files have been deposited into an NCBI SRA under the accession number PRJNA884490.