Toxigenic profiles and trinucleotide repeat diversity of Fusarium species isolated from banana fruits

Figures & data

Table 1. Mycotoxins produced by 19 Fusarium isolates which were isolated from post-harvest diseased banana fruits from the Saudi Arabia market (2012).

		Fusarium mycotoxins
Isolate code	Species	FB1 (μg/mL)	Limit^‡ for FB1 (%)	ZEA (μg/mL)	Limit for ZEA (%)	DON (μg/mL)	Limit for DON (%)
1.	F. chlamydosporum	1.012	+1.20	0.100	−50.00	0.312	−58.40
2.	F. chlamydosporum	1.322	+32.20	0.230	+15.00	0.521	−30.53
3.	F. circinatum	1.065	+6.50	0.150	−25.00	0.319	−57.47
4.	F. circinatum	1.852	+85.20	0.855	+325.00	0.829	+10.53
5.	F. circinatum	1.801	+80.10	0.890	+345.00	0.811	+8.13
6.	F. oxysporum	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
7.	F. oxysporum	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
8.	F. semitectum	1.414	+41.40	0.223	+11.50	0.549	−26.80
9.	F. semitectum	1.126	+12.60	0.090	−55.00	0.298	−60.27
10.	F. semitectum	1.349	+34.90	0.215	+7.50	0.578	−22.93
11.	F. semitectum	1.789	+78.90	0.919	+359.50	0.815	+8.67
12.	F. semitectum	1.657	+65.70	0.764	+282.00	0.678	−9.60
13.	F. solani	1.561	+56.10	0.771	+285.50	0.664	−11.47
14.	F. solani	1.823	+82.30	0.893	+346.50	0.801	+6.80
15.	F. thapsinum	1.801	+80.10	0.890	+345.00	0.811	+8.13
16.	F .proliferatum	1.414	+41.40	0.223	+11.50	0.549	−26.80
17.	F. proliferatum	1.834	+83.40	0.900	+350.00	0.823	+9.73
18.	F. proliferatum	1.779	+77.90	0.912	+356.00	0.809	+7.87
19.	Fusarium spp.*	1.802	+85.20	0.850	+325.00	0.820	+10.53

Note: nd = not detected.

*This isolate was considered unknown. It did not have the ability to form any spores.

^‡Mycotoxins were determined by using HPLC and compared with international regulatory limits for Fusarium mycotoxins.

Table 2. Tri-microsatellite primers used in the present study.[17]

	Primers	Length (bp)	GC content (%)	MW	Optimum AT (°C)	Range of fragment size (bp)
Nucleotides repeats	(AGG)5	15	66.7	4796.1	52	350–2000
	(TCC)5	15	66.7	4350.8	50	400–2000
	(ACG)5	15	66.7	4596.0	50	400–2000
	(TGG)5	15	66.7	4751.1	50	350–1500
	(GTA)5	15	33.3	4671.1	40	600–2000
	(ATG)5	15	33.3	4671.1	50	200–3000
	(TAC)5	15	33.3	4470.9	40	700–1500
	(TGC)5	15	66.7	4550.9	40	1000–1800
	(GCT)5	15	66.7	4550.9	52	600–2000
	(TGT)5	15	33.3	4626.0	40	400–1800

Note: MW = molecular weight; AT = annealing temperature.

Figure 1. Percentage of Fusarium spp. in post-harvest diseases of banana fruits.

Table 3. Total number of bands and mean number of alleles amplified from 19 Fusarium species isolates with 10 microsatellite primers (MP).

	Number of alleles amplified from different Fusarium species																				Mean number
Primers	F.ch1	F.ch1	F.ci1	F.ci2	F.ci3	F.ox1	F.ox2	F.se1	F.se2	F.se3	F.se4	F.se5	F.so1	F.so2	F.th	F.pr1	F.pr2	F.pr3	F.sp	TB	of alleles
(AGG)5	3	5	2	6	4	2	3	5	7	2	4	6	3	5	1	4	5	3	6	76	4
(TCC)5	7	5	7	6	10	3	7	9	5	5	3	7	4	8	6	2	4	4	3	105	5.5
(ACG)5	3	4	4	4	4	3	7	3	4	3	5	2	4	3	5	4	3	3	4	72	3.8
(TGG)5	4	8	5	7	4	6	10	5	7	3	6	11	6	9	7	4	8	6	9	125	6.6
(GTA)5	6	9	7	7	8	12	11	6	8	12	6	13	7	9	7	12	10	9	11	170	8.9
(ATG)5	5	4	6	5	4	7	7	6	8	4	4	3	8	5	3	9	8	2	3	101	5.3
(TAC)5	7	11	9	7	12	10	11	11	8	6	8	12	12	9	6	12	11	7	9	178	9.3
(TGC)5	6	6	9	8	6	5	7	4	7	8	6	9	4	3	3	5	5	4	7	112	5.9
(GCT)5	2	2	5	5	5	3	3	3	2	2	3	4	2	5	4	4	2	3	2	61	3.2
(TGT)5	11	9	14	11	13	7	14	8	9	10	11	13	9	15	7	13	10	10	7	201	10.6

Note: TB = total number of bands, F.ch = F. chlamydosporum, F.ci = F. circinatum, F.ox = F. oxysporum, F.se = F. semitectum, F.so = F. solani, F.th = F. thapsinum, F.pr = F. proliferatum, F.sp = Fusarium species.

Figure 2. Dendrogram of the 19 Fusarium isolates constructed after cluster analysis of the digitized (GCT)5-MP-PCR fingerprints with UPGMA.

Note: Lanes from 1 to 19 are: F. chlamydosporum, F. chlamydosporum, F. circinatum, F. circinatum, F. circinatum, F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum, F. semitectum, F. semitectum, F. semitectum, F. semitectum, F. semitectum, F. solani, F. solani, F. thapsinum, F .proliferatum, F. proliferatum, F. proliferatum and Fusarium spp.

Bahkali AH, Abd-Elsalam KA, Guo J-R, Khiyami MA, Verreet J-A. Characterization of novel di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide microsatellite primers suitable for genotyping various plant pathogenic fungi with special emphasis on Fusaria and Mycospherella graminicola. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13:2951–2964.

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