Screening for antibacterial activity of some Turkish plants against fish pathogens: a possible alternative in the treatment of bacterial infections

Figures & data

Table 1. List of the studied plant species, accession numbers, plant parts and extract yields.

Family and plants species	Collection number	Part used	Yield (%)*
Rosaceae
Crataegus monogyna Jacq.	AUT-2035	Fresh fruits	0.6
			4.1
Pyracantha coccinea Roemer	AUT-2032	Fresh fruits	2.9
			4.1
Fragaria vesca L.	AUT-2037	Fresh fruits	7.0
			7.1
Rubus caesius L.	AUT-2033	Fresh fruits	2.7
			4.4
Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm.	AUT-2019	Aerial	2.0
			1.2
Caprifoliaceae
Viburnum opulus L.	AUT-2029	Fresh fruits	1.6
			4.2
Viburnum lantana L.	AUT-2030	Fresh fruits	1.8
			3.0
Apiaceae
Eryngium campestre L.	AUT-2018	Aerial	1.7
var. virens			1.8
Astrantia maxima Pallas	AUT-1949-Endemic	Aerial	16.0
subsp. haradjianii (Grintz.) Rech. fil.			17.5
Lamiaceae
Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson	AUT-1937	Aerial	16.0
subsp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley var. typhoides			7.3
Lamium crinitum Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham	AUT-1945	Aerial	21.3
			12.0
Phlomis russeliana (Sims) Bentham	AUT-1946-Endemic	Aerial	6.24
			8.6
Phlomis armeniaca Willd.	AUT-1954-Endemic	Aerial	4.4
			8.9
Sideritis taurica Stephan	AUT-1953	Aerial	12.8
			15.4
Fabaceae
Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop.	AUT-2020	Aerial	2.2
subsp. anatolicum (Boiss.) Gams			5.6
Coronilla varia L.	AUT-2022	Aerial	3.3
subsp. varia			7.0
Onobrychis oxydonta Boiss.	AUT-2026	Aerial	1.6
			2.4
Astragalus brachypterus Fischer	AUT-1947-Endemic	Aerial	8.6
			7.6
Asteraceae
Doronicum orientale Hoffm.	AUT-2021	Aerial	4.1
			5.3
Senecio castagneanus DC.	AUT-1952-Endemic	Aerial	14.0
			15.0
Centaurea triumfettii All.	AUT-1940	Aerial	10.0
			13.3
Ptilostemon afer (Jacq.) Greuter	AUT-1948-Endemic	Aerial	14.7
subsp. eburneus			7.0
Scrophulariaceae
Rhinanthus angustifolius C.C. Gmelin	AUT-2025	Aerial	2.5
			2.5
Boraginaceae
Cynoglossum montanum L.	AUT-1943	Aerial	7.6
			14.1
Echium orientale L.	AUT-1950-Endemic	Aerial	8.2
			4.6
Liliaceae
Polygonatum orientale Desf.	AUT-1942	Aerial	10.4
			6.3
Fritillaria pontica Wahlenb.	AUT-2023	Aerial	2.8
			1.9
Thymelaeaceae
Daphne oleoides Schreber	AUT-1941	Leaves and flowers	3.3
subsp. oleoides			28.7
Ranunculaceae
Anemone nemorosa L.	AUT-1955	Aerial	19.3
			29.0
Araceae
Arum euxinum R. Mill	AUT-1951-Endemic	Aerial	9.7
			30.8
Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus niger L.	AUT-1944	Aerial	15.4
			19.8
Aristolochiaceae
Asarum europaeum L.	AUT-2024	Aerial	2.7
			1.6
Campanulaceae
Campanula glomerata L.	AUT-2027	Aerial	3.0
subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek			3.0
Campanula olympica Boiss.	AUT-2028	Aerial	2.0
			2.9
Hypericaceae
Hypericum perforatum L.	AUT-1938	Aerial	14.3
			18.7
Hypericum linarioides Bosse	AUT-1939	Aerial	10.3
			27.8

*Yield (%) = (weight of extract (g)/20 g of powdered plant sample) × 100.

Table 2. Antibacterial activity of the studied plant extracts*, based on the disc diffusion assay.

		Mean diameter of inhibitory zones (mm ± SE)
Plants species	Treatment	A. hydrophila	A. salmonicida	V. anguillarum	Y. ruckeri	E. faecalis	L. garvieae	S. agalactiae
C. monogyna	W	–	–	11.1 ± 0.35 lmno	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	16.6 ± 2.10 ij	–	8.3 ± 0.16 h	8.8 ± 0.16 gh	–
P. coccinea	W	–	–	10.6 ± 0.18 mnopr	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	12.6 ± 0.42 l	9.1 ± 0.23 g	9.5 ± 0.19 f	10.0 ± 0.27 hi	9.1 ± 0.23 g
F. vesca	W	–	–	19.6 ± 0.18 g	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	19.4 ± 0.26 g	–	–	–	–
R. caesius	W	–	–	11.5 ± 0.46 lmn	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	10.6 ± 0.42 mnopr	–	–	–	–
A. mollis	W	16.4 ± 0.46 e	–	17.9 ± 0.29 hi	10.9 ± 0.29 f	–	–	–
	E	14.0 ± 0.50 f	–	–	19.5 ± 0.19 g	–	–	–
V. lantana	W	–	–	8.6 ± 0.18 tu	–	8.5 ± 0.19 h	8.3 ± 0.16 hi	9.4 ± 0.18 ij
	E	–	–	9.8 ± 0.16 oprst	–	10.3 ± 0.16 f	10.3 ± 0.16 e	–
E. campestre	W	–	–	12.6 ± 0.18 l	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
M. longifolia	W	–	–	15.5 ± 0.33 jk	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
L. crinitum	W	–	–	7.8 ± 0.16 u	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	9.3 ± 0.31 rsto	–	–	–	11.3 ± 0.16 g
P. russeliana	W	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	9.5 ± 0.19 prst	–	–	–	9.3 ± 0.31 ij
P. armeniaca	W	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	10.3 ± 0.16 mnoprs	–	–	–	–
S. taurica	W	10.5 ± 0.46 g	–	19.1 ± 0.29 gh		–	–	–
	E	–	–	21.5 ± 0.19 f	–	–	–	12.3 ± 0.37 f
D. pentaphyllum	W	7.6 ± 0.18 h	–	12.6 ± 0.18 l	8.0 ± 0.27 g	7.3 ± 0.16 i	7.8 ± 0.16 i	–
	E	10.1 ± 0.58 g	–	14.3 ± 0.25 k	9.8 ± 0.31 h	8.0 ± 0.00 h	9.0 ± 0.00 fg	9.5 ± 0.19 ij
C. varia	W	–	–	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	11.8 ± 0.67 lm	–	–	–	–
C. triumfettii	W	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	7.8 ± 0.16 u	–	–	–	–
P. afer	W	–	–	–	–	–	10.1 ± 0.29 e
	E	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
A. nemorosa	W	–	–	25.5 ± 0.33 e	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	20.5 ± 0.19 fg	–	–	–	–
C. glomerata	W	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	11.8 ± 0.16 lm	–	–	–	–
C. olympica	W	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	E	–	–	8.6 ± 0.18 tu	–	–	–	–
H. perforatum	W	–	–	10.9 ± 0.29 mnop	–	9 ± 0.27 g	9.25 ± 0.16 fg	10.6 ± 0.18 gh
	E	–	–	9.0 ± 0.10 stu	–	7.38 ± 0.18 i	8.25 ± 0.16 hi	9 ± 0.00 j
H. linarioides	W	–	–	10.0 ± 0.10 noprst	–	7.38 ± 0.18 i	8 ± 0.00 i	8 ± 0.00 k
	E	–	–	10.8 ± 0.16 mnopr	–	–	–	–
Negative controls	Water	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Ethanol	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Positive controls	Furazolidone	29.1 ± 0.35 c	30.2 ± 0.37 b	47.6 ± 0.10 d	18.5 ± 0.19 d	17.6 ± 0.18 c	19.6 ± 0.18 d	13.5 ± 0.57 e
	Oxytetracycline	32.0 ± 0.76 b	26.0 ± 0.38 c	51.0 ± 1.51 c	33.6 ± 0.18 c	11.9 ± 0.12 e	33.1 ± 0.35 b	36.6 ± 0.18 d
	Erythromycin	17.6 ± 0.18 d	9.0 ± 0.10 d	24.6 ± 0.18 e	14.8 ± 0.16 e	20.6 ± 0.18 b	32.6 ± 0.18 b	42.9 ± 0.12 b
	Tetracycline	35.8 ± 0.16 a	25.9 ± 0.35 c	58.3 ± 0.37 b	35.8 ± 0.16 b	14.5 ± 0.19 d	34.8 ± 0.53 a	43.9 ± 0.12 a
	Trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole	31.5 ± 0.19 b	36.0 ± 0.38 a	61.8 ± 0.16 a	48.5 ± 0.19 a	32.8 ± 0.16 a	30.5 ± 0.19 c	39.5 ± 0.57 c

*Non-active plants are not listed (Viburnum opulus, Astrantia maxima, Onobrychis oxydonta, Astragalus brachypterus, Doronicum orientale, Centaurea triumfettii, Rhinanthus angustifolius, Cynoglossum montanum, Echium orientale, Polygonatum orientale, Fritillaria pontica, Arum euxinum, Hyoscyamus niger and Asarum europaeum).

W: aqueous extract, E: ethanol extract.

Means with the same letter within columns are not significantly different (P > 0.05).