Myconanoparticles: synthesis and their role in phytopathogens management

Figures & data

Figure 1. Examples for the major fungal species used as bionanofactory for synthesis of Ag NPs, Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillius, Verticillium, yeasts and other fungal species.

Figure 2. Conical flasks containing the extracellular filtrate of the Cladosporium cladosporioides biomass in aqueous solution of 10⁻³ M AgNO₃ at the beginning of the reaction (A) and after 1 day of reaction (B).

Table 1. List of fungi that synthesize metal NPs.

	Intracellular/extracelluar	Type of nanoparticles	Application	Nanoparticle size	References
Alternaria alternata	Extracellular	Silver	Antifungal	20–60 nm	[103]
Aspergillus clavatus	Extracellular	Silver	Antibacterial	10–25 nm	[47]
Aspergillus flavus	Extracellular	Silver	ND	7–10 nm	[44]
Aspergillus fumigatus	Extracellular	Silver	ND	5–25 nm	[17]
Aspergillus fumigatus	Extracellular	Silver	ND	50 nm	[45]
Aspergillus niger	Extracellular	Silver	Antifungal		[104]
Aspergillus niger	Extracellular	Silver	Antibacterial	15–20 nm	[43]
Aspergillus tamarii	Extracellular	Silver	ND		[50]
Aspergillus terreus	Extracellular	Silver	Antifungal	1–20 nm	[48]
Aspergillius species	Extracellular	Zinc	ND	25 nm	[51]
Cladosporium cladosporioides	Extracellular	Silver	ND	10-100 nm	[60]
Coriolus versicolor	Extracellular	Cadmium sulphide	ND	20 nm	[65]
Fusarium acuminatum	Extracellular	Silver	Antibacterial	5–40 nm	[31]
Fusarium semitectum	Extracellular	Silver	ND	10–60 nm	[35]
Fusarium solani	Extracellular	Silver	ND	5–35 nm	[32]
Fusarium oxysporum	Extracellular	Silver	ND	5–15 nm	[23]
Fusarium oxysporum	Extracellular	Zirconia	ND	3–11 nm	[25]
Fusarium oxysporum	Extracellular	Silica, titania	ND	5–15 nm	[25]
Fusarium oxysporum	Extracellular	Magnetite	ND	20–50 nm	[26]
Fusarium oxysporum	Extracellular	Silver	ND	10–25 nm	[76]
Fusarium oxysporum	Extracellular	Silver	Antibacterial	2–5 nm	[29]
Fusarium oxysporum	Extracellular	Silver	ND	5–60 nm	[30]
Fusarium oxysporum	Extracellular	Silver	ND	30 nm	[29]
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici	Intracellular/extracellular	Platinum	ND	10–50 nm	[27]
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum	Extracellular	Silver	Antibacterial	3–30 nm	[149]
Hormoconis resinae	Extracellular	Gold	ND	3–20 nm	[66]
Neurospora crassa	Extracellular	Cobalt	ND	64 nm	[68]
Neurospora crassa	Extracellular	Silver	ND	60 nm	[69]
Penicillium brevicompactum	Extracellular	Silver	ND	23–105 nm	[39]
Penicillium fellutanum	Extracellular	Silver	ND	5-25 nm	[38]
Penicillium nalgiovense	Extracellular	Gold	ND	15–25
Penicillium purpurogenum NPMF	Extracellular	Silver	Antibacterial	5–25 nm	[40]
Penicillium sp.	Extracellular	Silver	ND	16–40 nm	[36]
Penicillium sp.	Extracellular	Silver	Antibacterial	25–30 nm	[42]
Phaenerochaete chrysosporium	Extracellular	Silver	ND	5–200 nm	[56]
Phoma glomerata	Extracellular	Silver	ND	60–80 nm	[58]
Phoma sp.3.2883	Extracellular	Silver	ND	70–75 nm	[57]
Pleurotus sajorcaju	Extracellular	Silver	Antibacterial	5–50 nm	[63]
Thermomonospora sp.	Extracellular	Gold	ND	7–12 nm	[54]
Trichoderma asperellum	Extracellular	Silver	ND	13–18 nm	[20]
Trichoderma viride	Extracellular	Silver	Vegetable and fruit preservation	5–40 nm	[148]
Trichothecium sp.	Intracellular/extracellular	Gold	ND	5–200 nm	[89]
Trichoderma species	Extracellular	Silver	ND	8–60 nm	[59]
Usnea longissima	Extracellular	Usnic acid	Antifungal	50–200 nm	[55]
Verticillium luteoalbum	Extracellular	Gold	ND	>10 nm	[6]
Verticillium sp.	Intracellular	Silver and gold		2-20 nm	[54]
Verticillium sp.	Extracellular	Magnetite	ND	20–50 nm	[26]
Volvariella volvacea	Extracellular	Silver	ND	20–150 nm	[64]
Yeast cells	Extracellular	CdTe	ND	2–3.6 nm	[67]

Note: ND – not determined.

Figure 3. Top five factors that effect on synthesis of metallic NPs by fungal species.

Figure 4. Mechanism of synthesis intracellular NPs in fungal species. Electrostatic interaction between the metal ion and the enzyme present of the fungal cell wall.

Figure 5. Potential NTapplications in plant pathology.

Table 2. Characteristics of porous hollow silica NPs for potential use as plant protection products. Cited from Li et al.[80]

Inner size (nm)	Outer size (nm)	Shell thickness (nm)	Pore diameter (nm)	Surface area (m^2/g)	Encapsulation capacity	Goal of experiment	References
70	100		4–5		58.3% w/w avermectin	Controlled release depending on pH	Wan et al. (2005)
∼80		∼15				Controlled delivery depending on pH and temperature	[84]
100–130	140–180	5–45	4–5			Controlled release, UV shielding	[149]
		−15	4–5	∼588	650 g/kg avermectin	Sustained release, UV shielding	[81]

Figure 6. A potential transport pathway of NPs in the plant eco-system, coated nanoparticles (CNP) and NPs.

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