Comparison of linear and angular measurements in CBCT scans using 2D and 3D rendering software

Figures & data

Figure 1. General layout of the Vista Dent OC software showing the cephalometric analysis.

Figure 2. Image showing (a) 3D generated skull representation, and (b) generated cephalograms measurements in Maxilim software, (c) cephalometric measurements in In vivo and (d) Romexis software packages.

Table 1. The list of landmarks and cephalometric measurements that were used in the study.

Angular measurements
SNA	Angle determined by points S, N and A
SNB	Angle determined by points S, N and
ANB	Angle between SNA and SNB planes
SNGoGn	Angle formed between SN and GoGn lines
NSBa	Angle determined by points N, S and Ba
NSAr	Angle determined by points N, S and Ar
ArGoMe	Angle determined by points Ar, Go and Me
Linear measurements
Co-Gn	Distance between points Co and Gn
Ar-Go	Distance between points Ar and Go
Go-Me	Distance between points Go and Me
S-N	Distance between points S and N
ANS-Me	Distance between points ANS and Me
N-ANS	Distance between points N and ANS
N-Me	Distance between points N and Me
S-Go	Distance between points S and Go
WIT'S	Wits appraisal
Overjet	Vertical distance between the tips of maxillary and mandibulary central incisor
Overbite	Horizontal distance between the tips of maxillary and mandibulary central incisor

ANS, Anterior nasal spine; Ar, Articulare; Me, Menton; N, Nasion; Co, Condylion; Gn, Gnathion; Pg, Pogonion; A, point A; B, point B; S, Sella; Go, Gonion; Ba, Basion.

Table 2. Intra-observer reliability for all tracing methods.

	VistaDentOC	Maxilim	In vivo	Romexis
SNA	0.997	0.991	0.987	0.991
SNB	0.992	0.987	0.992	0.972
ANB	0.991	0.998	0.993	0.991
SNGoGn	0.995	0.998	0.988	0.994
NSBa	0.993	0.998	0.984	0.992
NSAr	0.996	0.995	0.995	0.991
ArGoMe	0.996	0.995	0.995	0.997
Co-Gn	0.996	0.598*	0.496*	0.498
Ar-Go	0.986	0.994	0.984	0.985
Go-Me	0.995	0.998	0.995	0.998
S-N	0.996	0.993	0.994	0.993
ANS-Me	0.998	0.428*	0.594*	0.495*
N-Me	0.997	0.997	0.995	0.998
S-Go	0.996	0.997	0.992	0.998
WIT'S	0.797	0.399*	0.594*	0.597*
Overjet	0.992	0.992	0.984	0.993
Overbite	0.990	0.986	0.981	0.990

*p < 0.05.

Table 3. Intra-class correlation coefficients for all tracings.

	1st measurements						2nd measurements
	VistaDent OC–Maxilim	VistaDent OC–Romexis	VistaDent OC—In vivo	Maxilim–Romexis	Maxilim—In vivo	In vivo–Romexis	VistaDent OC–Maxilim	VistaDent OC–Romexis	VistaDent OC—In vivo	Maxilim–Romexis	Maxilim—In vivo	In vivo–Romexis
Co-Gn	0.539*	−0.129*	NS	0.045*	0.583*	−0.162*	0.599*	−0.125*	NS	−0.101*	0.498*	−0.096*
Go-Me	−0.211*	NS	0.996*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
ANS-Me	0.378*	0.993*	0.289*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	0.996*	0.321*	0.496*	0.370*
WIT'S	−0.143*	NS	0.998*	−0.297*	−0.161*	NS	−0.184*	NS	NS	0.542*	NS	NS

*p < 0.05.

Table 4. Analysis of mean differences for 2D and 3D measurements according all tracing methods.

	Mean 2D error of VistaDent OC		Mean 3D error of Maxilim		Mean 3D error of In vivo		Mean 3D error of Romexis		Absolute differences
	Absolute difference	SD	Absolute difference	SD	Absolute difference	SD	Absolute difference	SD	VistaDent OC–Maxilim	VistaDent OC–In vivo	VistaDent OC–Romexis	Maxilim—In vivo	Maxilim–Romexis	In vivo–Romexis
SNA	0.06	4.389969	0.226667	4.480869	0.194	4.359079	0.272284	4.747595	0.015333	0.252333	−0.14956	0.237	−0.16489	−0.40189
SNB	0.053333	3.358975	0.278	3.421572889	0.030667	3.227996496	0.226065	3.493813867	0.025667	0.288667	0.016192	0.263	−0.009475	−0.272475
ANB	−0.013333	3.088994	−0.024667	3.076585	0.090667	2.961855	−0.020448	2.975005	−0.04033	−0.08467	−0.14908	−0.04433	−0.10875	−0.06442
SNGoGn	−0.193333	6.07076	−0.141333	5.729502	−0.128	5.427854	0.075267	5.533136	−0.174	0.129333	−0.24986	0.303333	−0.07586	−0.3792
NSBa	0.373333	6.004293	−0.293333	6.076444	0.058	6.083398	0.028794	5.876264	0.486667	0.336333	0.574943	−0.15033	−0.088276	0.238609
NSAr	−0.34	7.459461	−0.171333	7.343873	0.176	7.294694	0.00297	7.132804	0.337667	0.200667	−0.21769	−0.137	−0.55536	−0.41836
ArGoMe	−273333	8.48396	−0.308	8.227808	−0.302667	8.560212	−188545	8.969554	0.256	−0.12933	−0.38223	−0.38533	−0.63823	−0.25289
Co−Gn	−0.466667	9.70632	−0.312	9.614553	0.068	9.510581	−378509	26.85248	−0.34933	−0.13667	−72.3009*	0.212667	−1.9516*	−72.1643*
Ar−Go	−0.14	7.216225	−0.18667	7.108506	0.232667	7.358349	−0.168224	11.08108	−0.01667	−0.35033	−31.5681	−0.33367	−31.5514	−31.2178*
Go−Me	−0.5	8.574571	−0.084	8.720094	0.094667	8.259251	−561268	15.09844	−0.42533	−0.46133	−42.822*	−0.036	−42.3967	−42.3607*
S−N	−0.222	5.073648	−0.319333	5.139214	−0.142667	5.191365	−0.311056	14.01875	0.024667	−0.183	−43.9153	−0.20767	−43.9399	−43.7323
ANS−Me	−0.42	7.634029	−0.266667	7.582027	−0.334	7.519274	0.322199	12.25456	0.01	−0.61033	−45.3795	−0.62033	−45.3895*	−44.7692*
N−Me	0.2	8.381907	−0.06	8.481597	0.322	8.41161	−0.189293	22.9705	−0.00333	−0.385	−79.0559	−0.38167	−79.0536	−78.6709
S−Go	0.026667	8.661637	−0.425333	8.702155	−0.444	8.353714	0.424969	17.46137	0.134	−0.33467	−52.1385	−0.46867	−52.2725	−51.8039
WIT'S	−0.006667	4.469088	0.805077	4.432402	0.157333	4.534699	0.028853	5.960767	−0.39512	−0.12667	−0.75657	0.268452	−0.36145	−0.62991
Overjet	−0.33333	2.055687	−0.086667	2.125022	−0.030667	2.061183	0.192268	3.632165	0.026667	−0.122333	−2.34975	−0.15	−2.37642	−0.22642
Overbite	−0.006667	2.082386	0.033333	1.874281	0.072	1.943404	−0.093997	3.92703	−0.07333	−0.08333	−0.75734	−0.01	−0.68401	−0.67401

*p < 0.05.