Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera from different habitats

Figures & data

Figure 1. The study area.

Table 1. List of the localities, habitat types and altitudes of G. glabra var. glandulifera samples.

Code	Localities	Altitude (m)	Lat (N)	Long (E)	Direction	Climate type
G1	Samandağ–Çevlik coast, roadside	5	36° 03' 02"	35° 57' 56"	South	Rainy Mediterranean
G2	Kırıkhan–Topboğazı village, water channels	96	36° 27' 17.8"	36°18' 49.6"	East	Semi-arid Mediterranean
G3	Kumlu–Uzunkavak village, wheat field	93	36° 28' 34.5"	36° 27' 38"	West	Semi-arid Mediterranean
G4	Kırıkhan–Acarköy, water channels	94	36° 31' 49"	36° 25' 03"	North-east	Semi-arid Mediterranean
G5	Kırıkhan–Öz Soğuksu village, hill slope	127	36° 27' 55.5"	36° 19' 06.8"	East	Semi-arid Mediterranean
G6	Reyhanlı–Konuklu village, water channels	80	36° 15' 26.5"	36 ° 27' 19.3"	South-east	Semi-arid Mediterranean
G7	Reyhanlı–Alakuzu village, roadside	181	36° 17' 14"	36° 38' 23"	South-east	Semi-arid Mediterranean
G8	Yayladağı–Üçırmak village, olive field	124	35° 58' 40.2"	36° 11' 37.4"	South-east	Rainy Mediterranean
G9	Yayladağı–Karaköse town, olive field	370	36° 01' 54.5"	36° 01' 17.6"	North-east	Rainy Mediterranean
G10	Altınözü–Tepehan village, roadside	430	36° 08' 38"	36° 13' 2.1"	South-east	Low-rain Mediterranean
G11	Altınözü–Akamber village, wheat field	282	36° 05' 34.5"	36° 14' 11.5"	North-east	Low-rain Mediterranean
G12	Erzin–Burnaz, sand dune	7	36° 55' 32"	36° 02' 21.5"	South-west	Rainy Mediterranean
G13	Harbiye–Sofular village, wheat field	461	36° 06' 26"	36° 10' 24.7"	South-east	Rainy Mediterranean
G14	Antakya–İskenderun highway, roadside	95	36° 16' 35.2"	36° 11' 25"	West	Rainy Mediterranean
G15	Antakya–Paşaköy, hill slope	110	36° 22' 09.6"	36 ° 14' 09.7"	South-west	Rainy Mediterranean

Figure 2. DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity of methanolic extracts (samples 1–15) as compared to ascorbic acid (AA) as a standard.

Figure 3. IC₅₀ values of the plants methanol extracts collected from 15 sampling points (samples 1–15) as compared to ascorbic acid (AA).

Table 2. Inhibition zones (mm) of the methanolic plant extracts collected from 15 different localities against tested micro–organisms using disc–diffusion method.

Micro–organisms and inhibition zones (mm)
Plant extracts	B. cereus ATTC 7064	C. krusei ATCC 6258	C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019	E. coli ATCC 11293	E. faecalis ATCC 51299	K. pneumoniae ESBL (+)	MRSA	M. luteus	P. aeruginosa	S. aureus ATCC 6538	VRE
1	12 ± 0.05	20 ± 1.1	25 ± 0.4	–	11 ± 0.3	–	15 ± 1.1	–	–	14 ± 0.5	12 ± 0.2
2	15 ± 0.6	19 ± 0.5	24 ± 0.5	–	10 ± 0.1	–	13 ± 0.1	–	–	13 ± 0.1	11 ± 0.2
3	16 ± 0.1	21 ± 0.4	26 ± 0.5	–	12 ± 0.7	–	14 ± 0.2	–	–	14 ± 1.1	13 ± 0.2
4	11 ± 0.2	20 ± 1.2	24 ± 0.5	–	10 ± 10	–	14 ± 0.2	–	–	14 ± 0.6	11 ± 0.1
5	16 ± 0.6	16 ± 0.5	25 ± 0.6	–	10 ± 0.1	–	14 ± 0.0	–	–	14 ± 0.2	12 ± 0.2
6	20 ± 2.2	17 ± 0.2	26 ± 1.1	–	10 ± 0.2	–	14 ± 0.1	–	–	19 ± 0.3	11 ± 0.0
7	11 ± 0.5	20 ± 0.0	23 ± 0.8	–	12 ± 0.3	–	13 ± 0.2	–	9 ± 0.1	13 ± 0.2	11 ± 0.1
8	17 ± 1.6	15 ± 0.1	21 ± 0.2	–	11 ± 10	–	14 ± 0.6	–	–	14 ± 0.2	13 ± 0.4
9	13 ± 0.7	23 ± 0.7	26 ± 0.1	–	13 ± 1.1	–	14 ± 0.5	–	–	14 ± 0.1	10 ± 0.2
10	16 ± 0.5	21 ± 0.2	26 ± 0.5	–	14 ± 0.7	–	15 ± 0.4	–	–	16 ± 0.2	15 ± 1.1
11	13 ± 0.0	21 ± 0.2	27 ± 0.4	–	11 ± 0.1	–	14 ± 0.2	–	–	16 ± 0.3	12 ± 0.5
12	10 ± 0.1	20 ± 0.3	26 ± 1.2	–	10 ± 0.0	–	11 ± 0.1	–	–	15 ± 0.2	9 ± 0.2
13	13 ± 0.2	17 ± 0.5	24 ± 2.1	–	10 ± 0.2	–	13 ± 0.2	–	–	13 ± 0.1	13 ± 0.1
14	11 ± 10	20 ± 1.6	25 ± 1.6	–	12 ± 0.5	–	13 ± 0.0	–	–	14 ± 0.6	12 ± 0.2
15	11 ± 0.2	19 ± 0.5	22 ± 0.1	–	10 ± 0.0	–	13 ± 10	–	–	12 ± 0.0	11 ± 0.1
DMSO	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bac		*	*	–	–	–	–		–	–	–
Nov	10 ± 0.1	*	*	–	15 ± 0.2	9 ± 0.1	24 ± 0.7		–	29 ± 0.4	10 ± 0.5
Tet		*	*	26 ± 1.3	23 ± 0.5	24 ± 0.6	10 ± 0.2		17 ± 0.1	40 ± 1.4	13 ± 0.9
Amp		*	*	–	35 ± 1.2	–	16 ± 0.5		–	42 ± 1.6	24 ± 0.5
Imp		*	*	28 ± 0.5	34 ± 1.2	26 ± 0.7	50 ± 2.3		14 ± 0.3	50 ± 1.6	30 ± 1.3
Poly B		*	*	11 ± 0.4	–	15 ± 0.5	11 ± 0.2		22 ± 1.0	11 ± 0.1	–
Cef		*	*	19 ± 0.2	20 ± 1.1	19 ± 0.4	23 ± 0.8		26 ± 1.4	25 ± 0.6	8 ± 0.10
Cyc	*	43 ± 1.2	40 ± 1.1	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*

Note: (-) no effect; (*) not tested; Bac, bacitracin; Nov, novobiocin; Tet, tetracycline; Amp, ampicillin; Imp, imipenem; Poly B, polymyxin B; Cef, ceftazidime; Cyc, cycloheximide.

Table 3. MIC values (μg/mL) of the methanolic plant extracts collected from 15 different localities against different micro–organisms, using the broth microdilution method.

Plant extract	B. cereus ATCC 7064	C. krusei ATCC 6258	C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019	E. coli ATCC 11293	E. faecalis ATCC 51299	K. pneumoniae ESBL (+)	MRSA	M. luteus	P. aeruginosa	S. aureus ATCC 6538	VRE
1	100	100	10	–	1000	–	100	–	–	1000	1000
2	1000	100	100	–	≥1000	–	1000	–	–	1000	1000
3	100	100	100	–	1000	–	1000	–	–	100	100
4	1000	100	100	–	≥1000	–	100	–	–	1000	1000
5	100	100	100	–	1000	–	1000	–	–	1000	1000
6	100	100	100	–	≥1000	–	1000	–	–	100	1000
7	1000	100	100	–	1000	–	1000	–	≥1000	1000	1000
8	100	1000	100	–	≥1000	–	≥1000	–	–	1000	1000
9	100	100	100	–	100	–	1000	–	–	1000	1000
10	100	100	10	–	100	–	100	–	–	100	100
11	100	100	10	–	≥1000	–	1000	–	–	100	1000
12	≥1000	100	100	–	≥1000	–	≥1000	–	–	1000	≥1000
13	1000	1000	100	–	≥1000	–	1000	–	–	1000	1000
14	≥1000	100	100	–	1000	–	1000	–	–	100	1000
15	≥1000	1000	100	–	≥1000	–	1000	–	–	≥1000	≥1000

Note: (-) no effect.