Hepatoprotective effect of Red Sea sponge extract against the toxicity of a real-life mixture of persistent organic pollutants

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of sampling areas: Lake Mariout (A) and Red Sea (B).

Table 1. Concentrations of different POPs compounds in the sediment sample.

Name	2D structure	Conc (ng/g)	Name	2D structure	Conc (ng/g)
PCB 138		143.84	PCB 135		7.192
α-HCH		0.018	PCB 153		280.28
PCB 101		66.82	PCB 118		0.482
β -HCH		0.04	p,p'-DDE		0.991
γ-HCH		0.66	o,p'-DDD		3.9814
PCB 28		0.6	Dieldrin		2.78
PCB 52		0.7	p,p'-DDT		64.0
PCB 180		7.298	o,p'-DDT		34.94
o,p'-DDE		2.646	Endrin		2.4
p,p'-DDD		12.976	Aldrin		4.04

Figure 2. Chromatogram of POPs in sediment sample from Lake Marriout.

Table 2. Effect of sponge extract on the activities of serum ALT and AST.

Group	ALT (U/mL)	P1	AST (U/mL)	P1
I (Negative control)	48.83 ± 3.42	<0.001*	94.58 ± 6.21	<0.001*
II (Induction group)	87.68 ± 3.38	<0.001*	161.91 ± 8.37	<0.001*
III (Protection group)	75.76 ± 4.29	<0.001*	132.72 ± 7.54	<0.001*
IV (Positive control)	59.37 ± 2.52	<0.001*	111.45 ± 5.68	<0.001*

Note: Mean values ±SD; number of mice for each group P₁ = 7; P₁ value in LSD test between negative control group and other groups.

Table 3. Effect of sponge extract on the serum levels of total protein, albumin, and total bilirubin of induced toxicity groups of mice.

	Group
	I (Negative control)	II (Induced group)	III (Protective group)	IV (Positive control)
Total protein (g/dL)	3.51 ± 0.06	1.78 ± 0.12	3.71 ± 0.18	3.62 ± 0.24
P1		<0.001*	0.272	0.052
Total Albumin (g/dL)	2.76 ± 0.20	2.20 ± 0.13	1.68 ± 0.46	2.42 ± 0.15
P1		<0.001*	0.181	0.042
Total bilirubin (g/dL)	0.52 ± 0.35	1.23 ± 0.23	0.81 ± 0.08	0.76 ± 0.06
		<0.001*	0.031*	0.068

Mean values ±SD; number of mice for each group P₁ = 7, P₁ value of LSD test between negative control group and other groups.

Figure 3. Hepato-histopathological effect of Hyrtios aff. erectus sponge extract on POPs induced toxicity in mice of different groups. Note: Light microscopy; H&E × 400.