Assessment of the impact of type 2 diabetes on the quality of life by Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality-of-Life (ADDQoL-19)

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic and other characteristics of the study cohort (n = 411).

Variables	n (%)	AWI score (SD)	p value
Gender
Males	216 (52.6)	−2.91 (1.64)	0.018
Females	195 (47.4)	−3.04 (1.46)
Marital status
Married	271 (65.9)	−2.10 (1.60)	0.005
Single/widowed/divorced	140 (34.1)	−2.91 (1.01)
Education
Primary	15 (3.6)	−2.92 (1.10)	0.867
Secondary	298 (72.6)	−3.03 (1.54)
College and University	98 (23.8)	−3.26 (1.51)
Ethnicity
Bulgarian	296 (72.0)	−2.92 (1.53)	0.887
Bulgarian Turkish	65 (15.8)	−3.25 (1.78)
Bulgarian Roma	37 (9.0)	−3.00 (1.51)
Other (Bulgarian Armenian, Bulgarian Jew, etc.)	13 (3.2)	−3.04 (1.68)
Family history of T2DM	230 (56.0)	−3.01 (1.45)	0.273
Employment status
Employed/self-employed	183 (44.5)	−2.89 (1.45)	0.406
Unemployed	23 (5.6)	−3.43 (1.87)
Permanently unable to work due to long-term sickness/disability	41 (10.0)	−2.99 (1.49)
Retired	164 (39.9)	−2.99 (1.49)
Perceived economic status
Poor	124 (30.2)	−2.87 (0.12)	0.253
Moderate	139 (33.8)	−2.90 (0.13)
Good	148 (36.0)	−3.16 (0.15)
Smoking status
Yes	99 (24.1)	−3.11 (0.16)	0.861
No	312 (75.9)	−2.93 (0.09)
	Mean (SD)	Range
Age (years)	59.9 (11.6)	28–88	0.058
HbA1c (%)	8.1 (0.8)	6.1–10.8	0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	30.9 (5.5)	18.6–56.0	0.875

AWI score, average weighted impact score; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; BMI, body mass index.

Table 2. Clinical characteristics of the study cohort (n = 411).

Duration of type 2 DM	n (%)	AWI score (SD)	p value
<5 years	166 (40.6)	−2.86 (1.84)	0.042
>5 years	245 (59.4)	−3.14 (1.45)
Diabetes-related complications*
Any complication	379 (92.2)	−2.98 (1.54)	0.016
Diabetic retinopathy	59 (14.4)	−2.98 (0.19)	0.049
Diabetic nephropathy	33 (8.0)	−3.28 (1.42)	0.023
Diabetic neuropathy	378 (92.0)	−2.98 (1.53)	0.019
Diabetic foot	15 (3.7)	−3.08 (0.86)	0.034
Coronary artery disease	188 (45.7)	−3.12 (1.54)	0.982
Cerebrovascular disease	118 (28.7)	−2.92 (1.45)	0.583
Hypertension	343 (83.5)	−2.98 (0.08)	0.902
Dyslipidemia	51 (12.4)	−3.0 (1.74)	0.007
Treatment regiments
Only diet and/or exercise	2 (0.5)	−2.94 (1.57)	0.006
Oral antidiabetic drugs	252 (61.3)	−2.85 (1.46)
Only insulin	46 (11.2)	−3.08 (1.57)
Oral anti-diabetes drugs and insulin	111 (27.0)	−3.50 (1.97)

AWI score, average weighted impact score.

*The total value exceeds 100% because some participants had more than one complication.

Table 3. Distribution of responses for the Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of life (ADDQoL-19) Bulgarian version by impact and importance rating together with Average Weighted Impact (AWI).

Specific life domain	NA response n = 411 (%)	Rank* n = 209	Impact rating n = 209		Importance rating n = 209		AWI n = 209
			Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Leisure activities	–	17	−1.32	0.82	1.70	0.67	−2.47	2.02
Working life	116 (28.22)	4	−1.54	0.92	2.13	0.75	−3.49	2.58
Local or long distance journeys	−	16	−1.33	0.99	1.64	0.74	−2.49	2.34
Holidays	99 (24.09)	8	−1.47	0.95	1.90	0.70	−3.07	2.43
Physically can do	–	3	−1.63	0.77	2.16	0.73	−3.66	2.33
Family life	18 (4.38)	2	−1.54	0.89	2.45	0.64	−3.91	2.65
Friendships and social life	–	11	−1.33	0.95	2.05	0.68	−2.95	2.55
Close personal relationship	61 (14.84)	5	−1.42	0.98	2.25	0.69	−3.37	2.72
Sex life	91 (22.14)	6	−1.42	0.97	1.98	0.82	−3.13	2.66
Physical appearance	–	7	−1.51	0.85	1.90	0.74	−3.12	2.34
Self-confidence	–	10	−1.42	0.95	1.93	0.68	−3.02	2.48
Motivation	–	15	−1.23	0.95	1.75	0.74	−2.53	2.30
People’s reaction	–	18	−0.93	0.97	1.75	0.74	−1.91	2.36
Feelings about the future	–	13	−1.33	0.93	1.91	0.67	−2.82	2.43
Financial situation	–	14	−1.31	0.94	2.02	0.55	−2.81	2.39
Living conditions	–	12	−1.32	0.91	2.04	0.52	−2.83	2.27
Depend on others	–	12	−1.25	0.98	2.10	0.72	−2.83	2.62
Freedom to eat*	–	1	−1.79	0.87	2.05	0.67	−3.97	2.60
Freedom to drink	–	9	−1.52	0.93	1.67	0.90	−3.03	2.73

Impact rating (conditions without DM): −3, very much better; −2, much better; −1, a little better; 0, the same; +1, worse.

Importance rating: 0, not at all important; 1, somewhat important; 2, important; 3, very important.

Weighted impact score = impact rating (−3 to +1) × importance rating (0–3) = −9 (maximum negative impact of DM) to +3 (maximum positive impact of DM).

* 1 being the greatest impact; items with the same mean weighted impact scores have the same rank.