Relationship between soil composition, diversity and antifungal properties of Bacillus spp. isolated from southeastern Anatolia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Locations of soil sampling sites. Area I: mined border lines; Area II: naturally growing pistachio orchards; Area III: pistachio orchards applying standard/conventional agricultural practices.

Table 1. Antagonistic Bacillus spp. isolates against Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus, Pseudocercospora pistacina and Septoria sp.

% Inhibition		Numbers of antagonistic Bacillus spp.
		Area I	Area II	Area III
Aspergillusflavus	Medium	15	10	10
	High	0	0	1
Alternariasp	Medium	12	9	10
	High	10	5	6
Pseudocercosporapistacina	Medium	0	0	0
	High	11	9	9
Septoriasp	Medium	5	3	1
	High	7	8	10

* Areas refers to soil sample locations. Area I: mined border lines; Area II: naturally growing pistachio orchards; Area III: pistachio orchards applying standard/conventional agricultural practices

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of antagonistic Bacillus spp. based on 16S rRNA sequences constructed using Neighbour-joining and MEGA v.7.

Table 2. Inhibition percentages of Bacillus spp. on Alternaria sp., Aspergillus flavus, Pseudocercospora pistacina and Septoria sp.

			Inhibition percentages
Antagonistic Bacillus spp.	Areas*	Effective strains	Aspergillus flavus	Alternaria sp.	Pseudocercospora pistacina	Septoria sp.
B. amyloliquefaciens	I	MH323438 (B4)	41.10–52.20	46.70–64.40	80.00–90.00	52.00–90.00
B. atrophaeus	I	MH323450 (D8)	36.70–50.00	43.30–55.60	55.00–75.00	40.00–65.00
B. subtilis	I	MH321905 (A4)	35.60–47.80^(A4)	35.60–66.70^(Z2)	60.00–90.00^(^Z2)	40.00–90.00^(Z2)
	III	MH321930 (Z2)
B. licheniformis	I	MH324397 (E4)	36.70–41.10	37.80–45.10	50.00–55.00	40.00–50.00
B. pumilus	I	MH324746 (C9)
	I	MH324747 (D7)	–	33.30–41.10^(D7),(I3)	50.00–60.00^(C9),(D7),(E7)	35.00–55.00^(C9),(D7),(E7)
	I	MH324748 (E7)
	II	MH324750 (I3)

* Areas referred to soil sample locations. Area I: mined border lines; Area II: naturally growing pistachio orchards; Area III: pistachio orchards applying standard/conventional agricultural practices.

Figure 3. CCA plot of the species–environmental relationships in the sampling stations. Bacillus spp. are abbreviated as follows: B. cereus (bce), B. mycoides (bmy), B. megaterium (bme), B. pumilus (bpu), B. simplex (bsi), B. atrophaeus (bat), B. licheniformis (bli), B. amyloliquefaciens (bam) and B. subtilis (bsu). Area I (A-E), Area II (F-L), and Area III (M-Z) are indicated with stars, diamonds, and triangles, respectively.

Table 3. Summary of canonical correspondence analysis using Monte Carlo permutation test for Bacillus species-environment variables relationship.

Axes	λ1	λ2	λ3	λ4	Total inertia
Eigen values	0.156	0.077	0.025	0.202	0.946
Species-environment correlations	0.805	0.603	0.595	0.542
Cumulative percentage variance
of species data	16.5	24.7	27.4	48.7
of species-environment relation	60.3	90.2	100.0	0.0
Sum of all Eigen values					0.946
Sum of all canonical Eigen values					0.259
		F-ratio = 3.359		p-value = 0.0180