Genetic relationships of some local and introduced grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) by microsatellite markers

Figures & data

Table 1. Basic ampelographic characteristics of the grape cultivars used in this study.

Cultivar	Cluster form	Berry form	Berry colour	Flavour	Seed
Cabernet Sauvignon	Very dense	Round	Blue-black	Little flavour	Present
Merlot	Very dense	Round	Blue-black	Little aromatic	Present
Sémillon	Dense	Round	Green-yellow	Neutral	Present
Alicante Boushet	Very dense	Slightly flat	Blue-black	Little flavour	Present
Buca Razakısı	Loose	Long elliptic	Green-yellow	Little flavour	Present
Cabernet Franc	Dense	Round	Blue-black	Neutral	Present
Cardinal	Loose	Round	Blue-black	Little aromatic	Present
Cinsaut	Dense	Long elliptic	Blue-black	Neutral	Present
Conlonbart	Medium	Obtuse-ovate	Green-yellow	Neutral	Present
Çeşme Pembesi	Loose	Ovate	Rose	Neutral	Present
Delbele	Medium	Obovate	Blue-black	Neutral	Present
Foça Karası	Very dense	Round	Blue-black	Neutral	Present
Grenache	Medium	Round	Blue-black	Little flavour	Present
Hafızali	Loose	Obtuse-ovate	Blue-black	Neutral	Absent
Harsleleh	Dense	Long elliptic	Dark red-violet	Neutral	Present
Italia	Loose	Round	Red	Little flavour	Present
Kırmızı Şam	Very loose	Round	Red	Little flavour	Present
Kozak Gemresi	Loose	Round	Red	Neutral	Present
Malbee	Dense	Round	Blue-black	Neutral	Present
Moiseylative	Medium	Obtuse-ovate	Blue-black	Little flavour	Present
Müşküle	Loose	Round	Dark red-violet	Neutral	Present
Ohannes	Loose	Round	Green-yellow	Little flavour	Present
Öküzgözü	Loose	Slightly flat	Rose	Little flavour	Present
Papazkarası	Very dense	Round	Red	Little flavour	Absent
Pek Üzümü	Medium	Obtuse-ovate	Blue-black	Little flavour	Present
Petit Syrah	Dense	Round	Blue-black	Neutral	Present
Siyah Gemre	Loose	Round	Red	Neutral	Present
Şika	Loose	Ovate	Dark red-violet	Neutral	Present
Yuvarlak Razakı	Loose	Round	Green-yellow	Neutral	Present

Table 2. Genetic parameters for SSR loci in some local accessions and introduced grapes (V. vinifera).

Loci	Number of alleles (n)	Expected heterozygosity (He)	Observed heterozygosity (Ho)	PIC	Null allele frequencies
VVS2	13	0.846	0.897	0.814	−0.0467
VVMD5	9	0.785	0.655	0.738	0.0844
VVMD7	10	0.869	0.621	0.837	0.1610
VVMD27	10	0.792	0.586	0.749	0.1358
VrZAG62	11	0.783	0.483	0.736	0.2346
VrZAG79	12	0.785	0.552	0.746	0.1476
Total	65	4.861	3.794	4.620	–
Mean	10.833	0.810	0.632	0.770	–

Table 3. SSR loci, allele, heterozygotes (Het.), homozygotes (Hom.), frequency (Freq.) and null allele frequencies for 29 grape cultivars analysed by six SSR markers.

Locus	Allele	Count	Het.	Hom.	Freq.	Freq. with null	Locus	Allele	Count	Het.	Hom.	Freq.	Freq. with null
VVS2	130	3	3	0	0.0517	0.0530	VVMD27	172	5	3	1	0.0862	0.0702
	131	2	2	0	0.0345	0.0350		175	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0171
	133	17	15	1	0.2931	0.3296		184	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0171
	137	13	13	0	0.2241	0.2566		185	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0171
	138	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0174		186	5	3	1	0.0862	0.0702
	139	4	4	0	0.0690	0.0714		189	8	2	3	0.1379	0.0885
	140	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0174		191	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0171
	149	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0174		243	20	10	5	0.3448	0.2984
	151	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0174		244	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0171
	177	4	4	0	0.0690	0.0714		247	15	11	2	0.2586	0.2517
	178	7	3	2	0.1207	0.0901	VrZAG62	184	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
	179	3	3	0	0.0517	0.0530		186	13	3	5	0.2241	0.1402
	187	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0174		188	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
VVMD5	222	3	3	0	0.0517	0.0527		189	15	9	3	0.2586	0.2196
	228	13	9	2	0.2241	0.2104		190	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
	230	20	10	5	0.3448	0.3025		192	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
	232	13	9	2	0.2241	0.2104		194	3	1	1	0.0517	0.0331
	234	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0173		195	19	7	6	0.3276	0.2408
	236	2	2	0	0.0345	0.0348		198	2	2	0	0.0345	0.0331
	238	4	2	1	0.0690	0.0527		202	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
	239	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0173		206	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
	268	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0173	VrZAG798	184	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
VVMD7	236	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0169		186	13	3	5	0.2241	0.1402
	238	11	5	3	0.1897	0.1448		188	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
	239	7	7	0	0.1207	0.1254		189	15	9	3	0.2586	0.2196
	243	10	4	3	0.1724	0.1254		190	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
	244	4	2	1	0.0690	0.0517		192	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
	246	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0169		194	3	1	1	0.0517	0.0331
	247	11	7	2	0.1897	0.1647		195	19	7	6	0.3276	0.2408
	248	4	4	0	0.0690	0.0696		198	2	2	0	0.0345	0.0331
	250	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0169		202	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164
	257	8	4	2	0.1379	0.1064		206	1	1	0	0.0172	0.0164

Table 4. The most frequent alleles per locus and their frequency.

SSR-marker	VVS2	VVMD5	VVMD7	VVMD27	VrZAG62	VrZAG79
Most frequent allele	133	230	238–247	243	195	255
Major allele frequency, %	30.31	35.48	18.97	35.48	32.76	39.66

Figure 1. Dendrogram of hierarchical cluster analysis based on SSR markers. Note: 1: Cabernet Sauvignon; 2: Merlot; 3: Semillion; 4: Alicante Boushet; 5: Buca Razakısı; 6: Cabarnet Franc; 7: Cardinal; 8: Cinsaut; 9: Colombard; 10: Çeşme Pembesi; 11: Delbele; 12: Foça Karası; 13: Grenache; 14: Hafızali; 15: Harsleleh; 16: Italia; 17: Kırmızı Şam; 18: Kozak Gemresi; 19: Malbee; 20: Moiseylative; 21: Müşküle; 22: Ohannes; 23: Öküzgözü; 24: Papaz Karası; 25: Pek Üzümü; 26: Petit Syrah; 27: Siyah Gemre; 28: Şika; 29: Yuvarlak Razakı.

Figure 2. Biplot based on PCA for some local and introduced grapes based on SSR markers. Note: 1: Cabernet Sauvignon; 2: Merlot; 3: Semillion; 4: Alicante Boushet; 5: Buca Razakısı; 6: Cabarnet Franc; 7: Cardinal; 8: Cinsaut; 9: Colombard; 10: Çeşme Pembesi; 11: Delbele; 12: Foça Karası; 13: Grenache; 14: Hafızali; 15: Harsleleh; 16: Italia; 17: Kırmızı Şam; 18: Kozak Gemresi; 19: Malbee; 20: Moiseylative; 21: Müşküle; 22: Ohannes; 23: Öküzgözü; 24: Papaz Karası; 25: Pek Üzümü; 26: Petit Syrah; 27: Siyah Gemre; 28: Şika; 29: Yuvarlak Razakı.