Effect of Catharanthus mosaic virus (CatMV) on antineoplastic alkaloids from periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) cultured in Mecca region and resistance induction by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

Figures & data

Table 1. Nucleotide sequences of oligonucleotide primers used for RT-PCR to detect CatMV.

Index	Virus name	Gene target	Primer sequences	Expected fragment size	Reference
3	CatMV	Coat protein, (CP)	CatMV-CPs: 5′-TGAACGGACTGATGGTATGG-3′ CatMV-CPa: 5′-CCTCACTCATCTGGAACTTC-3	650 bp	Conceicao et al. [18]

Figure 1. Typical symptoms of natural infection of periwinkle with CatMV (A): mosaic leaf deformation and plant stunting; compared to healthy periwinkle leaves (B).

Figure 2. PCR amplifications from CatMV-infected periwinkle in 1.2% agarose gel. Lanes: M, DNA ladder marker; L1, L2, CatMV-infected periwinkle seedlings; L3, L4, healthy periwinkle.

Table 2. Effects of PGPR strains B1, B2 and B1 + B2 on ELISA values, disease severity percentage, and percentage of infections caused by CatMV in periwinkle seedlings under greenhouse conditions.

Virus infectivity^a (disease grade)
Treatment	ELISA values	Replications			Percentage of infections (%)	Disease severity (%)
		R1	R2	R3
Control healthy	0.000	0/9 (0)	0/9 (0)	0/9 (0)	00.00	00.00
Control infected	1.284	9/9 (4)	9/9 (4)	9/9 (4)	100	100
CatMV + B1	0.621	4/9 (2)	3/9 (3)	4/9 (1)	40.74	15.78
CatMV + B2	0.119	1/9 (1)	1/9 (1)	1/9 (1)	11.11	2.78
CatMV + (B1 + B2)	0.361	2/9 (2)	1/9 (1)	2/9 (2)	18.52	8.33

Note: In ELISA values, the positive and negative controls are 1.492 and 0.113, respectively.

^a Data are presented as the mean of two trials each with 27 seedlings per treatment.

Figure 3. Effects of PGPR strain treatments on total phenol content (a), alkaloid content (b) and flavonoid content (c) of periwinkle seedlings infected with CatMV under greenhouse conditions.

Table 3. Quantitative determination of alkaloidal fractions (vinblastine and vincristine-rich fraction) of C. roseus inoculated by CatMV and treated with PGPR strains (B1, B2 and B1 + B2).

Treatments	Vinblastine and vincristine-rich fraction
	% of alkaloid fraction^a	HPLC % of vinblastine and vincristine-rich fraction
		Vinblastine	Vincristine
Healthy (H)	0.1032	0.0870	0.0120
H + B1	0.1033	0.0881	0.0122
H + B2	0.1141	0.1810	0,1400
H + (B1 & B2)	0.1053	0.1250	0.0981
Infected (I)	0.0523	0.0195	0.0040
I + B1	0.0624	0.0253	0.0100
I + B2	0.1098	0.1110	0.0651
I + (B1 & B2)	0.1053	0.0993	0.0421

^a Relative to plant dry weight, mean of duplicate analysis.

Conceicao MS, Da Silva RF, Reis MS, et al. Characterization of a new potyvirus causing mosaic and flower variegation in Catharanthus roseus in Brazil. Sci Agric. 2011;68(6):687–690.

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