4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) and hepatic injury related to chronic oxidative stress

Figures & data

Figure 1. Reactivity, metabolism and possible biological effects of 4-hydroxynonenal.

Table 1. Reports of HNE as a bioactive marker of oxidative stress.

Findings	Type of study/methods	References
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is lipid peroxidation product exerts a multitude of biological, cytotoxic, and signal effects	In vivo and in vitro studies	Dianzani [1]; Yang et al. [31]; Zhang et al. [44]
HNE form protein adducts in mitochondria, mitochondrial dysfunction and induce apoptosis	Animal and clinical studies, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, structural and enzymatic analysis	Awasthi et al. [6]; Chaudhary et al. [49]; Ott et al. [53]; Le Bras et al. [54]; Timucin and Basaga [36]
HNE-protein adducts play important pathogenic roles in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis and cancer	Clinical and animals studies, apoptosis, immunohistochemistry using genuine polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies	Dalleau et al. [20]; Shoeb et al. [21]; Csala et al. [22]; Di Domenico et al. [23]
HNE is a marker of liver damage and one of the causative agents in chronic liver diseases	Animal and clinical studies, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, structural and enzymatic analysis	Poli et al. [4]; Castro et al. [17]
HNE may be an essential factor of non-alcoholic liver disease	Clinical studies, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, structural and enzymatic analysis	Bellanti et al. [72]; Seki et al. [69]; Serviddio et al. [71]
HNE modified proteins are one of the crucial factors in development and progression of chronic liver diseases	Animal and clinical studies	Malhi and Gores [75]; Schreuder et al. [76]; Sumida et al. [33]; Rolo et al. [70]
HNE activates signalling pathways Nrf2, NFκB. Depending on its level, HNE exerts harmful or protective effects associated with the induction of antioxidant defense mechanisms	Animal and clinical studies	Chen and Niki [2]; Timucin and Basaga [36]; Zhang et al. [44]; Łuczaj et al. [34]
HNE is a physiological constituent of various tissues	Mostly analysis of tissue homogenates, blood analysis usually using chromatography, recently also tissue immunohistochemistry	Brown et al. [32]

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