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Research Article

Stepwise signal transduction cascades under salt stress in leaves of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum)

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Pages 860-872 | Received 07 May 2020, Accepted 05 Aug 2020, Published online: 24 Aug 2020

Figures & data

Figure 1. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on transcriptomic data of control (C) and salt stressed (500 mmol/L NaCl) samples across different time points (e.g. 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum.

Figure 1. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on transcriptomic data of control (C) and salt stressed (500 mmol/L NaCl) samples across different time points (e.g. 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum.

Figure 2. Upregulated (a) and downregulated (b) transcripts in ‘Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis’ pathway across time of salt stress (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum.

Figure 2. Upregulated (a) and downregulated (b) transcripts in ‘Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis’ pathway across time of salt stress (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum.

Figure 3. Upregulated (a) and downregulated (b) transcripts in ‘Tryptophan metabolism’ pathway across time of salt stress (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum.

Figure 3. Upregulated (a) and downregulated (b) transcripts in ‘Tryptophan metabolism’ pathway across time of salt stress (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum.

Figure 4. Upregulated (a) and downregulated (b) transcripts in ‘Plant hormone signal transduction’ pathway across time of salt stress (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum. IAA = AUX/IAA protein, ARF = auxin response factor, GH3.8 = Gretchen Hagen 3.8.

Figure 4. Upregulated (a) and downregulated (b) transcripts in ‘Plant hormone signal transduction’ pathway across time of salt stress (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum. IAA = AUX/IAA protein, ARF = auxin response factor, GH3.8 = Gretchen Hagen 3.8.

Figure 5. Upregulated (a) and downregulated (b) transcripts in KEGG pathway ‘MAPK signalling’ across time of salt stress (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum. CaM4 = calmodulin-4, MPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase, MKK = MPK kinase, MEKK = MKK kinase, YODA = MEKK4, ER/ERL1 = LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1, FLS2 = LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase FLS2, FRK1 = Senescence-induced receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase, XRN = 5′-3′ exoribonuclease 2, RTE1 = Protein REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1, EIN = ethylene-insensitive proteins.

Figure 5. Upregulated (a) and downregulated (b) transcripts in KEGG pathway ‘MAPK signalling’ across time of salt stress (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum. CaM4 = calmodulin-4, MPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase, MKK = MPK kinase, MEKK = MKK kinase, YODA = MEKK4, ER/ERL1 = LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1, FLS2 = LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase FLS2, FRK1 = Senescence-induced receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase, XRN = 5′-3′ exoribonuclease 2, RTE1 = Protein REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1, EIN = ethylene-insensitive proteins.

Figure 6. Regulated MPKs (a), MKK (b) and MEKK (c) transcripts in KEGG ‘MAPK signalling’ pathway or in cluster analysis across time of salt stress (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum. MPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase, MKK = MPK kinase, MEKK = MKK kinase, YODA = MEKK4.

Figure 6. Regulated MPKs (a), MKK (b) and MEKK (c) transcripts in KEGG ‘MAPK signalling’ pathway or in cluster analysis across time of salt stress (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) in leaves of H. spontaneum. MPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase, MKK = MPK kinase, MEKK = MKK kinase, YODA = MEKK4.

Figure 7. Crosstalking signal transduction related pathways in H. spontaneum under salt stress indicating sources of signals, signal transduction cascades and biological process responses. Cho = chorismate, Phe = phenylalanine, Tyr = tyrosine, Ant = anthranilate, Trp = tryptophan, IAA = indole acetic acid, ARF = auxin response factor, GH3.8 = Gretchen Hagen 3.8, ABA = abscisic acid, ERL1 = LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1, MPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase, MKK = MPK kinase, MEKK = MKK kinase, YODA = KEKK4, CaM4 = calmodulin-4. The four-box configuration, from left to right, refers to regulation at 0 (control), 2, 12 and 24 h time points of salt stress, respectively. Upregulated transcripts at a given time point are shown in red boxes, whilst downregulated transcripts are shown in green boxes. Unregulated transcripts are shown in grey boxes.

Figure 7. Crosstalking signal transduction related pathways in H. spontaneum under salt stress indicating sources of signals, signal transduction cascades and biological process responses. Cho = chorismate, Phe = phenylalanine, Tyr = tyrosine, Ant = anthranilate, Trp = tryptophan, IAA = indole acetic acid, ARF = auxin response factor, GH3.8 = Gretchen Hagen 3.8, ABA = abscisic acid, ERL1 = LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 1, MPK = mitogen-activated protein kinase, MKK = MPK kinase, MEKK = MKK kinase, YODA = KEKK4, CaM4 = calmodulin-4. The four-box configuration, from left to right, refers to regulation at 0 (control), 2, 12 and 24 h time points of salt stress, respectively. Upregulated transcripts at a given time point are shown in red boxes, whilst downregulated transcripts are shown in green boxes. Unregulated transcripts are shown in grey boxes.
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