Relationship between Vitamin D status and microbiome changes in Bulgarian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1. Laboratory parameters in patients and controls (on average ± standard deviation).

	Controls	T2DM
Sex: Female/Male	11/5	11/4
Age	51.4 ± 5.6	57.3 ± 10
Glucose, mmol/L	5.6 ± 0.6	7.3 ± 1.5
Insulin, mU/L	13.9 ± 4.9	23.8 ± 13.7
Glycated Hb, %	5.36 ± 0.16	6.6 ± 1.3
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	5.12 ± 0.8	5.15 ± 0.9
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.23 ± 0.42	1.59 ± 0.71

Table 2. List of investigated bacteria.

Butyrate-producing bacteria	Methane-producing bacteria	Lactate-producing bacteria
Butyrivibrio crossotus	Methanobacteria	Bifidobacterium spp.
Eubacterium spp.	Methanobrevibacter smithii	Bifidobacterium adolescentis
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	LPS-positive bacteria	Enterococcus spp.
Roseburia spp.	Citrobacter spp.	Lactobacillus spp.
Ruminococcus spp.	Enterobacter spp.	Mucin-degrading bacteria
Neuroactive microbiota	Escherichia spp.	Akkermansia muciniphila
Bifidobacterium adolescentis	Klebsiella spp.	Prevotella spp.
Bifidobacterium dentium	Providencia spp.	Prevotella copri
Lactobacillus brevis	Pseudomonas spp.	Sulfate-reducing bacteria
Lactobacillus plantarum	Serratia spp.	Bilophila wadsworthia
Lactobacillus paracasei	Sutterella spp.	Desulfobacter spp.
Oscillibacter spp.		Desulfovibrio spp.
Alistipes spp.		Desulfuromonas spp.

Figure 1. Significantly lower amount of Eubacterium spp. in T2DM patients compared to controls in groups with low 25(OH)D levels (p = 0.023).

Figure 2. Amount of Enterobacter spp. and Bilophila wadsworthia in T2DM patients and controls.

Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).

Figure 3. Increase in the amount of Escherichia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in patients with T2DM compared to controls in groups with low Vitamin D levels.

Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).

Figure 4. Increase in Eubacterium spp. and decrease in Escherichia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. with the normalization of 25(OH)D levels.

Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).