National income and fishery consumption: a global investigation

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics: Real GDP and fishery consumption per capita.

Countries	GDP	FISHERY	Countries	GDP	FISHERY
Algeria	7.49	3.36	Kiribati	6.36	69.71
Argentina	8.86	6.93	Lesotho	5.83	0.52
Australia	9.71	18.14	Liberia	5.74	10.39
Austria	9.81	8.64	Madagascar	5.63	7.11
Bangladesh	5.60	9.18	Malawi	4.96	8.14
Belize	7.72	9.58	Malaysia	7.78	45.66
Benin	5.68	11.08	Mali	5.45	8.58
Bolivia	6.89	1.56	Malta	8.62	20.30
Botswana	7.51	3.17	Mauritania	6.09	13.43
Brazil	8.10	6.43	Mexico	8.51	9.19
Burkina Faso	5.21	1.69	Morocco	7.03	6.84
Burundi	4.85	2.92	Nepal	5.16	0.69
Cameroon	6.50	11.39	Netherlands	9.81	14.67
Canada	9.83	21.70	New Zealand	9.39	20.03
Central African	5.64	4.96	Nicaragua	6.81	1.78
Chad	5.23	4.77	Niger	5.33	1.08
Chile	8.06	18.46	Nigeria	5.95	8.65
China	5.93	13.21	Norway	10.19	45.55
Colombia	7.46	3.90	Pakistan	6.02	1.83
Congo	6.93	26.08	Panama	8.13	12.77
Costa Rica	8.09	5.69	Paraguay	7.15	2.94
Côte d’Ivoire	6.60	16.46	Peru	7.64	19.66
D. R. Congo	5.18	7.41	Philippines	6.82	32.65
Denmark	10.05	22.12	Portugal	8.94	51.70
Dominican Republic	7.39	7.48	South Korea	8.61	44.57
Ecuador	7.16	7.78	Rwanda	5.48	0.53
Egypt	6.95	7.91	St. Vincent	7.56	13.62
El Salvador	7.56	2.63	Saudi Arabia	9.27	6.81
Fiji	7.52	31.33	Senegal	6.14	26.07
Finland	9.79	30.00	Seychelles	8.52	59.06
France	9.79	28.02	Sierra Leone	5.46	18.59
Gabon	8.47	39.51	Solomon Islands	6.52	47.09
Gambia	5.71	19.46	South Africa	8.07	8.63
Germany	9.79	12.77	Spain	9.27	37.09
Ghana	5.45	27.22	Sri Lanka	6.34	16.31
Greece	9.34	18.97	Sudan	5.74	1.38
Guatemala	7.34	1.04	Swaziland	7.01	2.00
Guinea-Bissau	5.12	3.42	Sweden	10.00	27.39
Guyana	6.69	39.99	Switzerland	10.31	12.13
Haiti	6.36	2.70	Syria	6.92	1.41
Honduras	6.80	2.03	Togo	5.61	10.29
Iceland	10.09	87.28	Trinidad and Tobago	8.67	12.62
India	5.74	3.74
Indonesia	6.27	15.41	Tunisia	7.31	9.11
Iran	7.37	3.33	Turkey	7.76	6.42
Ireland	9.52	16.11	United Kingdom	9.83	18.55
Israel	9.58	19.35	United States	10.19	19.32
Italy	9.60	18.86	Uruguay	8.54	5.81
Jamaica	7.96	22.60	Venezuela	8.58	14.15
Japan	10.26	66.84	Zambia	5.99	9.35
Kenya	6.02	4.35	Zimbabwe	6.39	2.05

Source: Author calculation.

Figure 1. Plots of fishery consumption per capita (kg/capita).

Source: Author calculation.

Figure 2. Plots of GDP per capita.

Source: Author calculation.

Figure 3. Plot of fishery and GDP.

Source: Author calculation.

Table 2. Panel unit root tests.

	Levin et al. (2002)	Im et al. (2003)
Level
Fishery	−0.188	0.949
GDP	−0.616	−0.666
First-difference
Fishery	−2.573**	−1.676**
GDP	−17.800**	−19.773**

Note:

All variables are in natural logarithms.

** indicates statistical significance at the 5% level.

Source: Author calculation.

Table 3. Panel co-integration test.

Dependent variables	Dependent Variable is FISHERY	Dependent Variable is GDP
Panel variance	4.802**	−2.934
Panel ρ	−7.397**	−1.556*
Panel PP	−7.754**	−3.757**
Panel ADF	−6.031**	−2.182**
Group ρ	−6.447**	0.705
Group PP	−8.726**	−2.664**
Group ADF	−6.431**	−0.825

Note:

Statistics are asymptotically distributed as normal. The variance ratio test is right-sided, while the others are left-sided.

**(*) rejects the null of no co-integration at the 5% (10%) level. Source: Author calculation.

Table 4. Panel DOLS estimates tests of co-integration (dependent variable: fishery).

Countries	Coefficient	t-statistics	Countries	Coefficient	t-statistics
Algeria	5.977**	2.086	Kiribati	−13.149**	−3.805
Argentina	17.624**	2.497	Lesotho	−2.426**	−2.987
Australia	19.041**	10.824	Liberia	5.099**	12.987
Austria	10.468**	7.668	Madagascar	0.500	0.324
Bangladesh	13.886**	3.592	Malawi	19.171	1.019
Belize	6.102**	4.447	Malaysia	22.342**	14.417
Benin	−18.349	−1.118	Mali	9.005*	1.821
Bolivia.	3.727**	4.805	Malta	14.239**	2.734
Botswana	0.952	1.239	Mauritania	21.978	1.068
Brazil	−2.359	−1.407	Mexico	14.670**	3.624
Burkina Faso	1.448**	2.211	Morocco	8.254	10.497
Burundi	2.265	1.034	Nepal	2.315**	22.119
Cameroon	3.760	0.878	Netherlands	17.834**	5.573
Canada	12.318**	7.649	New Zealand	35.765**	11.564
Central African	4.527**	18.204	Nicaragua	0.536	0.585
Chad	4.323	0.702	Niger	0.389	0.383
Chile	−1.908	−0.790	Nigeria	6.537	0.875
China	11.662**	13.851	Norway	16.763**	11.045
Colombia	2.435	1.476	Pakistan	0.939**	4.823
Congo	27.987**	3.004	Panama	−24.018**	−7.183
Costa Rica	4.212**	2.279	Paraguay	5.175	1.072
Côte d’Ivoire	11.112**	3.773	Peru	−4.034	−0.650
D. R. Congo	1.417**	2.799	Philippines	−23.390**	−3.294
Denmark	4.592**	2.432	Portugal	34.213**	5.232
Dominican Republic	6.943**	11.645	South Korea	7.978**	8.337
Ecuador	−17.600	−1.418	Rwanda	−1.727**	−1.997
Egypt	13.529**	7.050	St. Vincent	4.521**	4.839
El Salvador	3.702	1.281	Saudi Arabia	1.472	1.058
Fiji	9.232	0.592	Senegal	−47.533**	−2.822
Finland	11.270**	7.262	Seychelles	2.072	0.303
France	22.355**	12.816	Sierra Leone	9.254**	2.017
Gabon	4.221	0.377	Solomon Islands	−26.172**	−4.089
Gambia	−51.472	−1.239	South Africa	15.982**	2.449
Germany	5.680**	3.995	Spain	20.196**	6.636
Ghana	28.301**	3.335	Sri Lanka	13.819**	17.347
Greece	19.870**	3.026	Sudan	0.868**	4.278
Guatemala	7.498**	5.758	Swaziland	10.567**	2.482
Guinea-Bissau	11.202**	3.532	Sweden	5.346**	3.807
Guyana	−15.286	−0.746	Switzerland	24.698**	17.956
Haiti	1.414	1.356	Syria	1.456	0.824
Honduras	13.745**	3.730	Togo	−1.054	−0.216
Iceland	17.706**	9.091	Trinidad and Tobago	17.631**	6.096
India	2.629**	8.169	Tunisia	5.020**	5.172
Indonesia	9.121**	13.291	Turkey	6.242**	2.548
Iran	−3.498	−1.195	United Kingdom	4.868**	9.831
Ireland	7.281**	6.470	United States	14.531**	8.114
Israel	17.222**	11.647	Uruguay	6.433**	3.307
Italy	21.028**	8.271	Venezuela	−22.865**	−2.804
Jamaica	17.006**	6.095	Zambia	6.783**	5.983
Japan	3.476	1.098	Zimbabwe	−1.277	−0.499
Kenya	15.327	1.544	Panel	5.712**	41.371

Notes:

t-statistics in parenthesis. Asymptotic distribution of t statistic is standard normal as T and N go to infinity.

**(*) indicates the statistical significance at 5% (10%) level. All results allow for up to five structural breaks for each state. Source: Author calculation.

Table 5. Panel DOLS estimates tests of co-integration (dependent variable: GDP).

Countries	Coefficient	t-statistics	Countries	Coefficient	t-statistics
Algeria	0.038*	1.788	Kiribati	−0.075**	−5.736
Argentina	0.030**	2.604	Lesotho	−0.138	−1.339
Australia	0.054**	12.273	Liberia	0.193**	8.988
Austria	0.083**	8.163	Madagascar	−0.041	−0.362
Bangladesh	0.042**	7.155	Malawi	0.010	1.454
Belize	0.119**	4.226	Malaysia	0.041**	12.472
Benin	−0.002	−0.224	Mali	0.047*	1.656
Bolivia.	0.225**	7.270	Malta	0.060**	4.867
Botswana	0.358**	3.045	Mauritania	0.005	0.833
Brazil	−0.120**	−3.882	Mexico	0.037**	2.985
Burkina Faso	0.336**	5.649	Morocco	0.108**	9.646
Burundi	0.086	1.470	Nepal	0.444**	22.097
Cameroon	0.045	1.191	Netherlands	0.048**	6.855
Canada	0.060**	5.447	New Zealand	0.025**	9.441
Central African	0.204**	19.567	Nicaragua	0.125	1.452
Chad	0.019	0.796	Niger	0.190*	1.888
Chile	0.025	0.635	Nigeria	0.006	0.695
China	0.091**	12.919	Norway	0.063**	8.838
Colombia	0.090**	1.984	Pakistan	0.721**	6.232
Congo	0.024**	3.219	Panama	−0.043**	−5.977
Costa Rica	0.094*	1.645	Paraguay	0.043**	2.615
Côte d’Ivoire	0.071**	3.738	Peru	−0.019	−1.234
D. R. Congo	0.377**	4.184	Philippines	−0.024**	−3.365
Denmark	0.114**	4.433	Portugal	0.023**	4.006
Dominican Republic	0.141**	8.075	South Korea	0.106**	4.927
Ecuador	−0.009	−1.400	Rwanda	−0.235**	−2.011
Egypt	0.077**	6.012	St. Vincent	0.080**	3.810
El Salvador	0.013	0.168	Saudi Arabia	−0.034	−0.544
Fiji	0.000	−0.038	Senegal	−0.010**	−3.126
Finland	0.062**	4.219	Seychelles	0.007	0.282
France	0.043	17.753	Sierra Leone	0.032**	2.674
Gabon	−0.007	−1.051	Solomon Islands	−0.012**	−2.027
Gambia	−0.002	−0.761	South Africa	0.029**	2.354
Germany	0.133**	7.445	Spain	0.045**	9.362
Ghana	0.025**	5.185	Sri Lanka	0.077**	22.144
Greece	0.027**	4.722	Sudan	0.826**	6.362
Guatemala	0.138**	3.643	Swaziland	0.039**	2.201
Guinea−Bissau	0.074**	3.241	Sweden	0.100**	2.845
Guyana	−0.006	−0.954	Switzerland	0.038**	22.048
Haiti	0.080	0.762	Syria	0.068	0.801
Honduras	0.046**	4.059	Togo	−0.021	−0.664
Iceland	0.027**	2.041	Trinidad and Tobago	0.020**	2.510
India	0.429**	16.385	Tunisia	0.128**	4.860
Indonesia	0.085**	10.491	Turkey	0.085**	3.338
Iran	−0.018	−0.550	United Kingdom	0.157**	11.156
Ireland	0.114**	15.031	United States	0.063**	9.350
Israel	0.056**	7.907	Uruguay	0.096**	3.592
Italy	0.049**	13.777	Venezuela	−0.026**	−2.803
Jamaica	0.043**	5.883	Zambia	0.101**	5.297
Japan	0.020	0.458	Zimbabwe	0.056	1.182
Kenya	0.020**	4.137	Panel	0.077**	44.265

Notes:

Same as Table 4. Source: Author calculation.

Table 6. The comparison of empirical results from panel DOLS estimates tests.

Causal Relationship	Countries
FISHERY GDP	Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belize, Bolivia., Burkina Faso, Canada, Central African, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, D. R. Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Liberia, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, South Korea, St. Vincent, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Zambia. (22, DDCs and 60 DGCs)
FISHERY GDP	Kiribati, Panama, Philippines,Rwanda, Senegal, Solomon Islands, Venezuela
GDP FISHERY	France
GDP FISHERY	Lesotho
FISHERY GDP	Botswana, Colombia,Kenya,Morocco, Niger.

Notes:

FISHERY GDP denotes bi-directional positive impact between FISHERY and GDP, FISHERY GDP represents bi-directional negative impact between FISHERY and GDP.GDP FISHERY(GDP FISHERY) denotes positive (negative) impact running from GDP to FISHERY. FISHERY GDP denotes positive impact running from FISHERY to GDP. Source: Author calculation.

Table 7. Panel causality test.

	Source of causation (independent variable)
Dependent variable	Short-term		Lon-term
	Δ FISHERY	Δ GDP	λ	λ/Δ FISHERY	λ/Δ GDP
Δ FISHERY	–	15.774**	−16.803**	–	316.084**
Δ GDP	2.517	–	3.559**	18.677**	–

Note:

** indicates statistical significance at the 5% level. Source: Author calculation.

Table 8. Panel unit root tests for sub-sample countries.

Sub-samples	Statistics	Level		First-difference
		Fishery	GDP	Δ Fishery	Δ GDP
DDC	LLC	−1.524	0.433	−12.704**	−9.379**
	IPS	0.408	−1.542	−17.365**	−12.385**
DGC	LLC	1.170	−0.116	−32.642**	−23.199**
	IPS	0.883	2.973	−29.415**	−28.282**
NHC	LLC	−0.989	−0.386	−41.313**	−22.280**
	IPS	−1.086	5.732	−40.783**	−27.138**
SHC	LLC	0.473	−1.261	−15.351**	−14.481**
	IPS	−0.110	0.334	−17.316**	−15.692**

Notes:

Same as Table 2; LLC = Levin et al. (2002); IPS = Im et al. (2003).

^** indicates statistical significance at the 5% level.

Source: Author calculation.

Table 9. Panel co-integration tests for sub-sample countries.

Dependent variable	Panel variance	Panel ρ	Panel PP	Panel ADF	Group ρ	Group PP	Group ADF
DDC
FISHERY	4.322**	−6.446**	−6.412**	−6.338**	−4.321**	−6.226**	−5.766**
GDP	−2.325	−2.153**	−3.802**	−2.622**	−0.823	−3.248**	−1.543*
DGC
FISHERY	3.364**	−5.271**	−5.570**	−3.623**	−4.971**	−6.518**	−4.146**
GDP	1.853**	−0.255	−1.642**	−1.285*	1.267	−1.338*	−0.410
NHC
FISHERY	4.887**	−6.849**	−7.091**	−5.456**	−5.497**	−7.634**	−5.724**
GDP	−2.836	−1.585*	−3.644**	−2.478**	0.949	−2.014**	−0.766
SHC
FISHERY	1.467*	−2.660**	−2.816**	−2.292**	−3.413**	−3.938**	−2.987**
GDP	−0.915	0.276	−0.144	−2.023**	0.050	−2.320**	−1.653**

Notes:

Same as Table 3.

^* rejects the null of no co-integration at the 10% level.

^** rejects the null of no co-integration at the 5% level.

Source: Author calculation.

Table 10. Panel DOLS estimates tests of co-integration for sub-sample countries.

	DDC	DGC	NHC	SHC
Dependent variable	Independent variable is GDP
FISHERY	14.925**(35.695)	2.841**(27.453)	5.749**(40.590)	5.974**(9.118)
	Independent variable is Fishery
GDP	0.066**(38.970)	0.081**(28.940)	0.089**(43.643)	0.046**(11.210)

Notes:

Same as Table 4.

^* rejects the null of no co-integration at the 10% level.

^** rejects the null of no co-integration at the 5% level.

Source: Author calculation.

Table 11. Panel causality test for sub-sample countries.

1	Δ FISHERY	Δ GDP	λ	λ/Δ FISHERY	λ/Δ GDP
DDC
Δ FISHERY	–	1.930	−1.305	–	3.876
Δ GDP	14.662**	–	2.644**	22.828**	–
DGC
Δ FISHERY	–	28.317**	−1.789*	–	32.203**
Δ GDP	261.847**	–	−0.417	262.661**	–
NHC
Δ FISHERY	–	26.711**	−2.699**	–	33.915**
Δ GDP	8.621*	–	1.001	10.209*	–
SHC
Δ FISHERY	–	5.286	−3.011**	–	13.729**
Δ GDP	10.741**	–	1.827*	11.110**	–

Notes:

Same as Table 7.

^** indicates statistical significance at the 5% level.

Source: Author calculation.

Levin, A., Lin, C.-F., & James Chu, C.-S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1–24.10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7

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Im, K. S., Pesaran, M., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53–74.10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7

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