European economic integration and migration in Romania

Figures & data

Table 1. Impact of Romania’s EU integration on the number of emigrants compared to states that are not EU members (Ukraine and Moldova) (2001–2017).

Variable	Coefficient	t-stat	p > |t|
Time	5325.897	0.76	0.451
Intervention	13234.55	1.61	0.115
Time × intervention	14288.37	1.90	0.110
Constant	21128.35	4.10	0.000

Note: Prob. > F = 0.000; N (number of observations) = 17 × 3 = 51 observations.

Source: authors’ calculations.

Table 2. Impact of Romania’s EU integration on the remittances compared to states are not EU members (Ukraine and Moldova) (2001–2017).

Variable	Coefficient	t-stat	p > |t|
Time	10.141	3.78	0.000
Intervention	15.088	4.05	0.000
Time × intervention	12.68	3.90	0.000
Constant	5.994	3.74	0.000

Source: authors’ calculations.

Note: Prob. > F = 0.000; N = 17 × 3 = 51 observations.

Table 3. Poisson regression model with mixed effects to explain the remittances sent by Romanian migrants from 19 countries to Romania (2010–2017).

Variable	Coefficient	Robust standard error	Z	p > |z|
GDP per capita	−0.00001	$8.17·{10}^{-6}$	−2.02	0.043
Unemployment rate	−0.024	0.005	−4.74	0.000
EU membership	0.438	0.665	0.66	0.510
Constant	4.846	0.633	7.65	0.000
Random effects parameters	Estimate	Standard error
country: identity
standard deviation (constant)	1.343	0.218

Note: N = 18 × 19 = 342 observations.

Source: authors’ calculations.

Table 4. Linear generalised regression model with mixed effects to explain the remittances sent by Romanian migrants to Romania (2010–2017).

Variable	Coefficient	Robust standard error	Z	p > |z|
GDP per capita	−0.00007	0.001	−0.40	0.686
Unemployment rate	−6.182	4.224	1.46	0.000
EU membership	131.143	53.941	2.43	0.510
Constant	53.014	103.465	0.51	0.000
Random effects parameters	Estimate	Standard error
country: identity
standard deviation (constant)	282.931	17.347

Note: N = 18 × 19 = 342 observations.

Source: authors’ calculations.