Entrepreneurial intention of students in Bosnia and Herzegovina: what type of support matters?

Figures & data

Table 1. Respondents’ profiles.

	Frequency	%
Respondents' gender
Female	75	67.6
Male	36	32.4
Total	111	100.0
Respondents' age
17-18	–	–
19-20	28	25.2
21-22	37	33.3
23-24	12	10.8
25-26	9	8.1
27-28	9	8.1
29-30	7	6.3
n/a	9	8.1

Table 2. Items of measurement models with loadings and t-values.

Construct	Code	Indicator	St. loading	t-value
Fear of failure (FEAR)	FEAR	Would fear of failure prevent you from starting a business and becoming an entrepreneur?
Informal support (INF)	INF01	If I decide to become an entrepreneur, my parents will support me.	0.927	–
	INF02	If I decide to become an entrepreneur, my family members will support me.	0.910	14.569
	INF03	If I decide to become an entrepreneur, I will consult my family members.	0.602	7.188
	INF04	If I decide to become an entrepreneur, my friends will support me.	0.618	7.457
	INF05	If I decide to become an entrepreneur, my family will give me emotional support.	0.756	10.250
Formal support (FOR)	FOR01	To start entrepreneurship activities, I will get benefit from an experienced consultant.	0.402	–
	FOR02	To start entrepreneurship activities, I will get benefit from the country entrepreneurs' network.	0.729	3.743
	FOR03	To establish a business plan, I will get benefit from agencies related to entrepreneurship activities.	0.843	3.751
	FOR04	To start entrepreneurship activities, I will get benefit from customer and supplier networks.	0.593	3.508
Regulatory support (REG)	REG01	There are sufficient government subsidies available for new and growing firms.	0.627	–
	REG02	The support for new and growing firms is a high priority for policy at the local government level.	0.490	4.549
	REG03	Taxes and other government regulations are applied to new and growing firms in a predictable and consistent way.	0.724	6.268
	REG04	Coping with government bureaucracy, regulations, and licensing requirements is not unduly difficult for new and growing firms.	0.791	6.688
	REG05	There is an adequate number of government programs for new and growing businesses.	0.849	7.007
	REG06	Government programs aimed at supporting new and growing firms are effective.	0.835	6.933
Entrep. capacity (CAP)	CAP01	Start a firm and keep it working would be easy for me.	0.655	–
	CAP02	I’m prepared to start a viable firm.	0.724	6.315
	CAP03	I can control the creation process of a new firm.	0.802	6.786
	CAP04	If I tried to start a firm, I would have a high probability of succeeding.	0.842	6.947
Entrep. intention (INT)	INT01	My professional goal is becoming an entrepreneur.	0.838	–
	INT02	I will make every effort to start and run my own firm.	0.966	14.717
	INT03	I’m determined to create a firm in the future.	0.979	15.101
	INT04	I’ve got the firm intention to start a firm someday.	0.928	13.545

Table 3. GoF indices for the measurement scales.

Constructs	Items no	χ^2/df	RMSEA	SRMR	CFI
Fear of failure	1
Informal support	5	1.16	0.0381	0.0328	0.998
Formal support	4	1.33	0.0547	0.0296	0.993
Regulatory support	6	1.55	0.0708	0.0410	0.989
Entrepreneurial capacity	4	1.25	0.0480	0.0225	0.997
Entrepreneurial intention	4	1.68	0.0785	0.0086	0.997

Table 4. Reliability and validity assessment.

#	Dimensions	CR	AVE	FEAR	INF	FOR	REG	CAP	INT
1	FEAR
2	INF	0.879	0.601	−0.143	0.775
3	FOR	0.746	0.439	−0.281	0.357	0.662
4	REG	0.869	0.534	−0.299	0.270	0.408	0.730
5	CAP	0.844	0.576	−0.354	0.117	0.049	0.226	0.759
6	INT	0.962	0.864	−0.442	0.244	0.114	0.236	0.601	0.929

Notes: Squared-root AVEs are shown on the diagonal in bold; CR = composite reliability; AVE = average variance extracted; Construct correlations are shown below the diagonal.

Table 5. Path estimation results.

	Dependent variable	Independent variable	Path coefficient	t – value
	Structural model
H1	Entrepreneurial intention	← Fear of failure	−0.252***	−2.869
H2	Entrepreneurial intention	← Informal support	0.161**	1.848
H3	Entrepreneurial intention	← Formal support	−0.049	−0.471
H4	Entrepreneurial intention	← Regulatory support	0.027	0.282
H5	Entrepreneurial intention	← Entrepreneurial capacity	0.489***	4.334
R^2 (INT) = 44.5

*** ,**,*Significant at p < 0.01; p < 0.05; p < 0.1, respectively (one-tailed).

Table 6. Moderating effect analysis.

	Dependent variable	Interaction variables	Coeff.	SE	t	LLCI	ULCI
H6a	Ent. intention	← Fear * Informal support	0.4573	0.2488	1.838	0.0442	0.8705
H6b	Ent. intention	← Fear * Formal support	0.4257	0.3054	1.394	−0.0814	0.9329
H6c	Ent. intention	← Fear * Regulatory support	−0.0181	0.2642	−0.069	−0.4568	0.4206
H6d	Ent. intention	← Fear * Entrepreneurial capacity	−0.0399	0.2717	−0.147	−0.4910	0.4111

Figure 1. The conceptual model.

Figure 2. The co-citation network.

Table 7. Influential papers based on co-citation network analysis.

Reference	Title	Citations	In Degree	Betweenness Centrality
Krueger, Reilly, and Carsrud (2000)	Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions	117	975	0.033015
Ajzen (1991)	The theory of planned behavior	117	969	0.032080
Liñán and Chen (2009)	Development and Cross‐Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions	78	919	0.026917
Zhao et al. (2005)	The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions	55	834	0.020879
Shapero and Sokol (1982)	The social dimensions of entrepreneurship	52	767	0.016013
Bird (1988)	Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention	52	806	0.018776
Souitaris et al. (2007)	Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration, and resources	46	758	0.015515
Kolvereid (1996)	Prediction of employment status choice intentions	44	744	0.014907
Chen, Greene, and Crick (1998)	Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?	43	693	0.013092
Armitage and Conner (2001)	Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta‐analytic review.	40	665	0.010251
Thompson (2009)	Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric	40	635	0.010167
Krueger and Deborah Brazeal (1994)	Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs	39	659	0.010866
Autio, Keeley, Klofsten, Parker, and Hay (2001)	Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA	38	698	0.012093
Peterman and Kennedy (2003)	Enterprise education: Influencing students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship	38	734	0.013834
Kolvereid and Isaksen (2006)	New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment	38	677	0.011230

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