Determinants of corruption pressures on local government in the E.U.

Figures & data

Figure 1. Survey sample.

Source: Authors.

Table 1. List of variables.

Code	Variable	Possible values	Source
PCL	Perceived corruption at the local level of government; Item: ‘Fraud and corruption are increasingly threatening the efficacy of local government’	1 – Strongly disagree 2 – Disagree 3 – Neither agree nor disagree 4 – Agree 5 – Strongly agree; mean = 2.84; standard deviation = 1.32	Survey
GEN	Gender	0 – Women 1 – Men	Survey
AGE	Age	Min = 23 years, max = 80 years, mean = 51.8 years; standard deviation: 10.7	Survey
EDU	Education	0 – Primary and secondary education 1 – Tertiary education	Survey
LFD	Level of fiscal decentralisation	Min = 6.7%, max = 47.8%, mean = 25.2%; standard deviation: 14.0	OECD, www.oecd.org For Croatia: Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Croatia, www.mfin.hr
PTC	Post-transition country	0 – No 1 – Yes	EBRD, www.ebrd.org
GEF	Government effectiveness	Min = -0.03, max = 1.83, mean = 1.36; standard deviation: 0.55	The World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/government-effectiveness-estimate-0

Source: Authors.

Table 2. Perceived corruption at the local level of government (PCL), all countries.

Independent variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
EDU	−0.048**	−0.040**	−0.042**	−0.076**
PTC	0.277**	0.297**	0.298**	−0.007
AGE	−0.014	−0.022		0,013
GEN	−0.008	0.017		−0,033**
LFD	−0.120**			0.023
GEF				−0.510**
Model fit	R^2 = 0.104; F-value = 112.92; p = 0.000	R^2 = 0.091; F-value = 121.60; p = 0.000	R^2 = 0.089; F-value = 241.91; p = 0.000	R^2 = 0.239; F-value = 254.06; p = 0.000

Notes: n = 5,134; **significant at p < 0.01 level.

Source: Authors.

Table 3. Perceived corruption at the local level of government (PCL), non-transition countries.

Independent variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
EDU	−0.070**	−0.056**	−0.057**	−0.085**
AGE	−0.018	−0.029*	−0.030*	0.006
GEN	−0.017	0.018		−0.043**
LFD	−0.147**			0.028*
GEF				−0.437**
Model fit	R^2 = 0.024; F-value = 25.51; p = 0.001	R^2 = 0.004; F-value = 5.68; p = 0.001	R^2 = 0.004; F-value = 8.24; p = 0.000	R^2 = 0.180; F-value = 179.32; p = 0.000

Notes: Non-transition countries are Belgium, England, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden; n = 4,314; **significant at p < 0.01 level, *significant at p < 0.1 level.

Source: Authors.

Table 4. Perceived corruption at the local level of government (PCL), post-transition countries.

Independent variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
EDU	0.035			−0.028
AGE	0.026	0.021	0.023	0.060*
GEN	0.011	0.012		0.012
LFD	0.046	0.057	0.058	0.007
GEF				−0.288**
Model fit	R^2 = 0.005; F-value = 0.95; p = 0.437	R^2 = 0.004; F-value = 1.04; p = 0.374	R^2 = 0.004; F-value = 1.51; p = 0.221	R^2 = 0.079; F-value = 13.36; p = 0.000

Notes: Post-transition countries are Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania; n = 820; **significant at p < 0.01 level, *significant at p < 0.1 level.

Source: Authors.