Factor allocation structure and green-biased technological progress in Chinese agriculture

Figures & data

Figure 1. Changing of the Malmquist, EFFCH, TECH and MTECH across time.

Source: the author based on the original data and empirical results.

Figure 2. Changing of the average Malmquist, EFFCH, TECH and MTECH across provinces.

Source: the author based on the original data and empirical results.

Table 3. The agricultural technology progress direction from 1981 to 2017.

Year	IBTECH	L vs. K	L vs. S	L vs. F	K vs. S	K vs. F	S vs. F
1981–1982	0.99863	K	S	L	S	K	S
1982–1983	1.00217	L	L	F	K	F	F
1983–1984	1.00144	L	S	F	S	F	F
1984–1985	1.00564	K	S	F	K	K	F
1985–1986	1.00303	K	S	F	K	F	F
1986–1987	1.00454	K	S	F	K	F	F
1987–1988	1.01035	L	L	F	S	F	F
1988–1989	1.00530	L	L	F	S	F	F
1989–1990	1.00396	L	L	F	K	F	F
1990–1991	1.00466	K	L	F	K	F	F
1991–1992	1.00788	K	S	F	K	K	F
1992–1993	1.01599	K	S	F	K	K	F
1993–1994	1.01466	K	S	F	K	F	F
1994–1995	1.02054	L	S	F	S	F	F
1995–1996	1.00545	K	S	F	K	K	F
1996–1997	1.01036	K	L	L	K	K	F
1997–1998	1.00025	K	L	F	K	K	F
1998–1999	1.00025	K	L	F	K	K	F
1999–2000	1.00396	K	L	L	K	K	F
2000–2001	1.00736	K	L	F	K	K	F
2001–2002	1.00309	K	S	F	K	K	F
2002–2003	1.00396	K	L	F	K	K	F
2003–2004	1.00231	K	S	F	K	F	F
2004–2005	1.00235	K	S	F	K	K	F
2005–2006	1.00192	K	S	F	K	K	F
2006–2007	1.00078	K	L	F	K	K	F
2007–2008	1.00250	K	S	F	S	F	F
2008–2009	1.00288	K	S	F	K	K	F
2009–2010	1.00686	K	S	F	K	K	F
2010–2011	1.00301	K	S	F	K	K	F
2011–2012	1.00393	K	S	F	K	K	F
2012–2013	1.00326	K	S	F	K	K	F
2013–2014	1.00414	K	S	F	K	K	F
2014–2015	1.00493	K	S	F	K	K	S
2015–2016	1.00816	K	L	L	K	K	S
2016–2017	1.00839	K	L	L	K	K	F

Note: L indicates that technical progress is biased toward labour-using, K indicates that technical progress is biased towards capital-using, S indicates that technical progress is biased towards soil-using and F indicates that technical progress is biased towards fertiliser-using.

Source: the author based on the original data and empirical results.

Table 4. Results of agricultural technology progress direction by region from 1981 to 2017.

Province	IBTECH	L vs. K	L vs. S	L vs. F	K vs. S	K vs. F	S vs. F
Beijing	1.02738	K	L	F	K	K	F
Tianjin	1.00423	K	S	F	K	K	F
Hebei	0.99961	L	L	L	S	F	S
Liaoning	1.00748	K	L	F	K	K	F
Shanghai	1.0575	K	S	F	K	K	S
Jiangsu	1.00103	K	S	F	K	K	F
Zhejiang	1.00696	K	S	F	K	K	F
Fujian	1.00135	K	L	F	K	K	F
Shandong	1.00094	K	S	F	K	K	F
Guangdong	1.01402	K	L	F	K	K	F
Eastern	1.01205	K	S	F	K	K	F
Shanxi	1.00001	K	L	F	K	K	F
Jiangxi	1.00138	K	S	F	K	K	F
Jilin	1.00162	K	S	F	K	K	F
Anhui	1.00067	K	S	F	K	K	F
Heilongjiang	1.00905	K	L	F	K	K	F
Henan	1.00142	K	S	F	K	K	F
Hubei	1.00272	K	S	F	K	K	F
Hunan	1.00276	K	S	F	K	K	F
Inner Mongolia	1.00169	K	S	F	K	K	F
Central	1.00245	K	S	F	K	K	F
Sichuan	1.00024	K	S	F	K	K	F
Guangxi	1.00012	K	S	F	K	K	F
Guizhou	1.00162	K	S	F	K	F	F
Yunnan	1.00054	K	S	F	K	F	F
Shaanxi	1.00016	K	L	F	K	K	F
Gansu	1.00146	K	S	F	K	K	F
Qinghai	0.99842	L	L	L	S	F	S
Ningxia	1.00124	K	L	F	K	K	F
Xinjiang	1.00131	K	S	F	K	K	F
Eastern	1.00068	K	S	F	K	K	F
Country	1.00506	K	S	F	K	K	F

Note: L indicates that technical progress is biased towards labour-using, K indicates that technical progress is biased towards capital-using, S indicates that technical progress is biased towards soil-using and F indicates that technical progress is biased towards fertiliser-using.

Source: the author based on the original data and empirical results.

Table 5. Panel unit root tests results.

Variable	LLC test	Breitung test	IPS test	Fisher test
lnIBTECH	–13.0413***	−6.9347***	−10.7582***	−14.9595***
IBiasLF	−11.8248***	−3.2519***	−13.1265***	−15.0146***
IBiasKF	−17.5810***	−5.7264***	−7.6286***	−16.9815***
IBiasSF	−22.8257***	−10.5337***	−22.0043***	−19.6738***
IBiasFL	−15.2616***	−2.6089***	−17.4336***	−17.9127***
IBiasFK	−12.0673***	−16.5969***	−14.4121***	−14.9337***
IBiasFS	−20.5621***	−2.3804***	−22.1306***	−19.1272***
lnRLK	−3.1344***	−3.1048***	−3.2877***	−9.1126***
lnRLS	−1.7791**	−1.3015*	−1.7533**	−4.1445***
lnRLF	−4.4522***	−3.0354***	−3.3343***	−9.5928***
lnRKS	− 2.1649***	−2.6042***	−3.0617**	−10.9062***
lnRKF	−2.9473***	−4.3745***	–0.7397	−6.1579***
lnRSF	−3.8097***	−2.8230***	−3.6161***	−9.9344***
lnASTR	−2.7518***	−1.3667*	−1.7028**	−5.1183***
lnAOPC	−1.5052*	−2.9422***	−3.0683***	−5.0179***
lnAGDP	−1.4592*	−1.4080*	−2.7339***	−7.4779***
lnRPCNI	−2.0948**	−1.4182*	−3.3979***	−10.1921***
lnRPC	−1.3815*	−2.1132**	−1.4533*	−9.9015***

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.

Source: the author based on the original data and empirical results.

Table 6. Panel cointegration tests results.

Variable	Gt	Ga	Pt	Pa
lnIBTECH	−5.052***	−17.145***	−23.109***	−15.022***
	(–14.841)	(–3.736)	(–10.762)	(–4.652)
IBiasLF	−6.384***	−19.118***	−30.663***	−13.487***
	(–21.77)	(–5.096)	(–16.944)	(–3.630)
IBiasKF	−4.905***	−14.349**	−31.249***	−14.942***
	(–14.076)	(–1.809)	(–17.423)	(–4.598)
IBiasSF	−6.479***	−19.553***	−42.699***	−19.779***
	(–21.019)	(–3.612)	(–26.353)	(–5.905)
IBiasFL	−7.156***	−15.993***	−25.171***	−18.164***
	(–25.783)	(–2.942)	(–12.450)	(–6.742)
IBiasFK	−5.648***	−18.725***	−24.860***	−15.936***
	(–16.712)	(–3.087)	(–11.406)	(–3.583)
IBiasFS	−6.386***	−16.311***	−23.996***	−18.539***
	(–21.779)	(–3.161)	(–11.488)	(–6.992)

The parenthesis are the z-values, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05.

Source: the author based on the original data and empirical results.

Table 7. Benchmark regress results.

Variable	lnIBTECH	Green technical progress			Pollution technical progress
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
lnRLK	0.0051**	–0.0001	0.0085***	0.0059***	–0.0002	–0.0002	–0.00002
	(0.0022)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0017)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0001)
lnRLS	0.3349***	0.1877***	0.1998***	0.1356**	0.0059	0.0155*	0.0096
	(0.0872)	(0.0714)	(0.0741)	(0.0664)	(0.0067)	(0.0083)	(0.0059)
lnRLF	–0.0780***	–0.0275**	–0.0493***	–0.0436***	–0.0013	–0.0028*	–0.0014
	(0.0170)	(0.0139)	(0.0144)	(0.0129)	(0.0013)	(0.0016)	(0.0011)
lnRKS	0.049	0.0756***	–0.0105	–0.0811***	0.0061**	0.0072**	0.0056**
	(0.0349)	(0.0286)	(0.0297)	(0.0266)	(0.0027)	(0.0033)	(0.0023)
lnRKF	0.0062	–0.0035	0.0185***	0.0195***	–0.0012***	–0.0020***	–0.0009***
	(0.0060)	(0.0049)	(0.0051)	(0.0045)	(0.0005)	(0.0006)	(0.0004)
lnRSF	0.0633***	0.0284**	0.0409***	0.0369***	0.0017	0.0032**	0.0013
	(0.0158)	(0.0129)	(0.0134)	(0.0120)	(0.0012)	(0.0015)	(0.0011)
lnASTR	0.0085	0.0223**	0.0059	0.0147	–0.0018*	–0.002	–0.0015*
	(0.0136)	(0.0112)	(0.0116)	(0.0104)	(0.0010)	(0.0013)	(0.0009)
lnAOPC	0.1738***	0.1011**	0.0772	–0.0063	0.0072	0.0100*	0.0120***
	(0.0619)	(0.0507)	(0.0526)	(0.0471)	(0.0047)	(0.0059)	(0.0042)
lnAGDP	–0.0333**	–0.0173	–0.0069	–0.0012	–0.0014	–0.0016	–0.0011
	(0.0129)	(0.0106)	(0.0110)	(0.0099)	(0.0010)	(0.0012)	(0.0009)
lnRPCNI	0.0086**	0.0015	0.0044	0.0017	–0.0002	0.0009**	–0.0001
	(0.0039)	(0.0032)	(0.0033)	(0.0030)	(0.0003)	(0.0004)	(0.0003)
lnRPC	0.0123**	0.0052	0.0122**	0.0052	–0.0001	–0.0001	–0.00005
	(0.0056)	(0.0046)	(0.0047)	(0.0042)	(0.0004)	(0.0005)	(0.0004)
Intercept	–0.1846***	–0.0994***	–0.1498***	–0.1131***	–0.0005	–0.0104**	–0.0014
	(0.0450)	(0.0368)	(0.0382)	(0.0342)	(0.0034)	(0.0043)	(0.0030)
Province	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
N	1036	1036	1036	1036	1036	1036	1036
R^2	0.4453	0.2754	0.3596	0.2388	0.1074	0.169	0.1186

The parenthesis are the robust standard error values, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.

Source: the author based on the original data and empirical results.

Table 8. Mechanism test results.

Variable	lnIBTECH	Green Technical Progress			Pollution Technical Progress			lnMachine
	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)
lnRLK	0.0045**	–0.0003	0.0082***	0.0057***	–0.0003	–0.0002	–0.00001	–0.0968***
	(0.0022)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0017)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0001)	(0.0325)
lnRLS	0.3342***	0.1880***	0.1972***	0.1332***	0.0061	0.0154*	0.0097*	–0.3371
	(0.0871)	(0.0714)	(0.0738)	(0.0663)	(0.0067)	(0.0083)	(0.0059)	(1.3032)
lnRLF	–0.0813***	–0.0283**	–0.0521***	–0.0456***	–0.0013	–0.0029*	–0.0014	–0.6268**
	(0.0170)	(0.0139)	(0.0144)	(0.0129)	(0.0013)	(0.0016)	(0.0011)	(0.2535)
lnRKS	0.0358	0.0738**	–0.0284	–0.0955***	0.0064**	0.0063*	0.0060**	–3.1880***
	(0.0355)	(0.0292)	(0.0301)	(0.0270)	(0.0027)	(0.0034)	(0.0024)	(0.5218)
lnRKF	0.0047	–0.0042	0.0180***	0.0193***	–0.0013***	–0.0020***	–0.0008**	–0.2170**
	(0.0060)	(0.0049)	(0.0050)	(0.0045)	(0.0005)	(0.0006)	(0.0004)	(0.0888)
lnRSF	0.0652***	0.0288**	0.0428***	0.0383***	0.0017	0.0033**	0.0013	0.3894*
	(0.0158)	(0.0129)	(0.0134)	(0.0120)	(0.0012)	(0.0015)	(0.0011)	(0.2357)
lnMachine	–0.0046**	–0.0009	–0.0052***	–0.0040**	0.00004	–0.0003	0.0001
	(0.0022)	(0.0018)	(0.0018)	(0.0016)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0001)
Intercept	–0.1548***	–0.0943**	–0.1132***	–0.0842**	–0.001	–0.0085*	–0.0021	6.8148***
	(0.0472)	(0.0388)	(0.0401)	(0.0360)	(0.0036)	(0.0045)	(0.0032)	(0.6720)
Control	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Province	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
N	1036	1036	1036	1036	1036	1036	1036	1036
R^2	0.4473	0.2749	0.3638	0.2412	0.1041	0.1698	0.1188	0.9639

The parenthesis are the robust standard error values, ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.

Source: the author based on the original data and empirical results.

Table 1. Input mix and input bias towards technological progress.

Input mix	$\mathit{IBTECH}>1$	$\mathit{IBTECH}=1$	$\mathit{IBTECH}<1$
$x_i^{t+1}/x_j^{t+1}>x_i^t/x_j^t$	$x_i\mathit{using},x_j$ $\mathit{saving}$	$\mathit{Neutral}$	$x_i$ $\mathit{saving},x_j\mathit{using}$
$x_i^{t+1}/x_j^{t+1}<x_i^t/x_j^t$	$x_i$ $\mathit{saving},x_j\mathit{using}$		$x_i\mathit{using},x_j$ $\mathit{saving}$

Source: the author based on the original data and empirical results.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of variables.

Variable	Variable symbol	N	Mean	Std. dev.	Min.	Max.
Input and output variables	FGP	1036	301.22	295.56	5.67	1390.7
	Labour	1036	1123.54	824.04	37.09	3839.31
	Capital	1036	124.09	180.06	3.54	1531.1
	Soil	1036	5469.33	3547.02	121	14768
	Fertiliser	1036	140.66	124.21	3	716.09
Independent variables	lnRLK	1036	2.654	1.057	0.252	5.682
	lnRLS	1036	0.184	0.058	0.055	0.356
	lnRLF	1036	2.289	0.584	1.139	4.136
	lnRKS	1036	0.03	0.046	0.001	0.409
	lnRKF	1036	0.637	0.451	0.049	2.846
	lnRSF	1036	3.84	0.564	2.662	6.333
Control variables	lnASTR	1036	0.533	0.07	0.284	0.762
	lnAOPC	1036	0.061	0.036	0.012	0.197
	lnAGDP	1036	0.582	0.2	0.077	1.108
	lnRPCNI	1036	6.433	0.754	4.941	8.596
	lnRPC	1036	0.686	0.227	0.201	2.063

Source: the author based on the original data and empirical results.