Four types of eco-innovation for Baltic firms

Figures & data

Table 1. Definition of variables and descriptive statistics.

Name of variable	Description	Mean	Std. Dev.
Eco-Innovation
Eco-process	Takes value 1 if company introduces process innovations that generate Environmental Benefits, 0 otherwise	0.512	0.500
Eco-product	Takes value 1 if company introduces product (goods or services) innovations that generate Environmental Benefits, 0 otherwise	0.311	0.463
Eco-marketing	Takes value 1 if company introduces marketing innovations that generate Environmental Benefits, 0 otherwise	0.095	0.293
Eco-organization	Takes value 1 if company introduces organizational innovations that generate Environmental Benefits, 0 otherwise	0.185	0.389
External Drivers
Present Regulations	Takes value 1 if for company existing environmental regulations are medium or highly relevant to trigger an eco-innovation; 0 otherwise	0.367	0.482
Future Regulations	Takes value 1 if for company environmental regulations or taxes expected in the future are medium or highly relevant to trigger an eco-innovation; 0 otherwise	0.440	0.497
Env. Subsidies and Grants	Takes value 1 if for company government grants, subsidies or other financial incentives for environmental innovations are medium or highly relevant; 0 otherwise	0.538	0.499
Reputation	Takes value 1 if for company improving reputation is medium or highly relevant to trigger an eco-innovation; 0 otherwise	0.636	0.481
CSR	Takes value 1 if for company to meet requirements for public procurement contracts is medium or highly relevant to trigger an eco-innovation; 0 otherwise	0.269	0.269
Cooperation	Takes value 1 if has cooperation arrangements for product and/or process innovation activities; 0 otherwise
National Market	Takes value 1 if a company sells goods and/or services in the national market; 0 otherwise	0.045	0.207
European Market	Takes value 1 if a company sells goods and/or services in the European market; 0 otherwise	0.093	0.291
International Market	Takes value 1 if a company sells goods and/or services in the international market; 0 otherwise	0.832	0.374
Internal Drivers
Cost saving	Takes value 1 if for company high cost of energy, water or materials are medium or highly relevant to trigger an eco-innovation; 0 otherwise	0.632	0.483
EMS	Takes value 1 if a company has procedures in place to regularly identify and reduce your company’s environmental impacts, 0 otherwise	0.302	0.459
Small Companies	Takes value 1 if a company has 10-49 employees; 0 otherwise	0.521	0.500
Medium Companies	Takes value 1 if a company has 50-249 employees; 0 otherwise	0.382	0.486
Large Companies	Takes value 1 if a company has more than 250 employees; 0 otherwise	0.096	0.295
Affiliation	Takes value 1 if a company is part of an enterprise group, 0 otherwise	0.362	0.481
Performance	Takes value 1 1 if a company presents a turnover ≥ to the median turnover value (2400000 euros), 0 otherwise	0.474	0.499
Research & Development	1 if a company introduce internal and/or external R&D for product and/or process innovation activities; 0 otherwise	0.548	0.498
Foroth	Takes value 1 if a company is a part of this sector, 0 otherwise	0.118	0.322
Foodbev	Takes value 1 if a company is a part of this sector, 0 otherwise	0.114	0.318
Textiles	Takes value 1 if a company is a part of this sector, 0 otherwise	0.170	0.375
Woodpap	Takes value 1 if a company is a part of this sector, 0 otherwise	0.179	0.383
Cochem	Takes value 1 if a company is a part of this sector, 0 otherwise	0.105	0.307
Metals	Takes value 1 if a company is a part of this sector, 0 otherwise	0.171	0.377
Elecmot	Takes value 1 if a company is a part of this sector, 0 otherwise	0.143	0.350

Source: Our Elaboration on data CIS14.

Table 2. Multivariate probit regressions. Drivers of process, product, marketing and organizational eco-innovations.

	Types of eco-innovation
	Eco-process	Eco-product	Eco-marketing	Eco-organization
External Drivers
Present Regulations	0.048	−0.01	−0.161	−0.02
	[0.138]	[0.127]	[0.166]	[0.133]
Future Regulations	0.243	0.291**	0.356*	0.463***
	[0.16]	[0.143]	[0.19]	[0.15]
Env. Subsidies and Grants	−0.017	0.07	0.141	0.127
	[0.156]	[0.134]	[0.168]	[0.143]
Reputation		0.844***	0.405*
		[0.154]	[0.228]
CSR	−0.169	0.326**	0.400**	0.374***
	[0.149]	[0.134]	[0.169]	[0.142]
Cooperation	0.338***	0.002
	[0.128]	[0.121]
Ref. International Market
European Market	0.176	0.530**	−0.657*	−0.565*
	[0.258]	[0.238]	[0.385]	[0.328]
National Market	0.599	0.026	−0.332	0.168
	[0.426]	[0.434]	[0.613]	[0.475]
Internal Drivers
Cost saving	1.865***
	[0.15]
EMS	0.009
	[0.124]
Ref. Small Companies
Medium Companies	0.477***	−0.129	0.117	0.145
	[0.174]	[0.169]	[0.219]	[0.188]
Large Companies	0.563**	−0.062	0.292	0.497**
	[0.223]	[0.211]	[0.274]	[0.228]
Affiliation	0.064	−0.067	−0.166	0.281**
	−0.137	−0.132	−0.172	−0.134
Performance	−0.268	0.147	−0.389*	−0.062
	[0.18]	[0.178]	[0.229]	[0.192]
R&D	0.066	0.536***
	[0.128]	[0.121]
Ref. Foroth
Foodbev	0.038	−0.003	0.196	−0.257
	[0.218]	[0.207]	[0.257]	[0.221]
Textiles	−0.187	0.193	−0.247	−0.179
	[0.246]	[0.238]	[0.332]	[0.253]
Woodpap	0.450*	−0.393*	−0.467	−0.139
	[0.230]	[0.227]	[0.322]	[0.234]
Cochem	0.438**	−0.094	0.131	−0.089
	[0.212]	[0.201]	[0.256]	[0.212]
Metals	0.456*	0.159	0.055	−0.042
	[0.244]	[0.236]	[0.314]	[0.258]
Elecmot	0.123	0.112	−0.197	−0.262
	[0.201]	[0.195]	[0.257]	[0.210]
Ref. Estonia
Lithuania	0.688***	−0.006	−0.467**	−0.098
	[0.184]	[0.169]	[0.194]	[0.169]
Latvia	0.508**	0.374*	−0.216	0.606***
	[0.209]	[0.195]	[0.240]	[0.197]
ρ1	1
ρ2	−0.161***	1
ρ3	0.128	0.417***	1
p4	0.218***	0.052	0.511***	1
Log likelihood ratio test of H0: ρ21 = ρ31 = ρ41 = ρ32 = ρ42= ρ43 = 0
LR Χ^2(6)	93.5023***
Log pseudolikelihood	−1134.645
Number of Observations	724	724	724	724

Robust Standard errors in brackets; statistical significance.

*** p < 0.01,

** p < 0.05,

* p < 0.1.

Source: Our Elaboration on data CIS14.

Table A1. Sector sample classification.

Divisions	Description	Acronym
10-12	Manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco products	Foodbev
13 − 15	Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather and related products	Textiles
16 − 18	Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw, plaiting materials and manufacture of paper and paper products, and printing and reproduction of recorded media	Woodpap
19 − 23	Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products, of chemicals and chemical products, of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations, of rubber and plastic products and of other non-metallic mineral products	Cochem
24 − 25	Manufacture of basic metals and of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment	Metals
26 − 30	Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products, of electrical equipment, of machinery and equipment n.e.c., of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers and of other transport equipment	Elecmot
31 − 33	Manufacture of furniture, Other manufacturing and Repair and installation of machinery and equipment	Foroth

Source: Our Elaboration on data CIS14.

Table A2. Relationships between the four types of eco-innovation.

	Eco-process		Eco-product		Eco-marketing		Eco-organizational
Eco-process	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
No	438	0	332	106	418	20	399	39
Yes	0	459	286	173	394	65	331	127
Eco-product
No	332	286	618	0	597	21	535	82
Yes	106	173	0	279	215	64	195	84
Eco-marketing
No	418	394	597	215	812	0	701	110
Yes	20	65	21	64	0	85	29	56
Eco-organizational
No	399	331	535	195	701	29	730	0
Yes	39	127	82	84	110	56	0	166

Source: Our Elaboration on data CIS14.