Challenges in times of a pandemic: what drives and hinders the adoption of location-based applications?

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model of LBMA usage.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

Item	N	Mean	Min	Max	S.D.
ATT1	820	5.24	1	7	1.34
ATT2	820	5.07	1	7	1.47
ATT3	820	5.01	1	7	1.37
SN1	820	4.41	1	7	1.61
SN2	820	5.07	1	7	1.48
SN3	820	4.90	1	7	1.44
PUSE1	820	5.18	1	7	1.37
PUSE2	820	5.12	1	7	1.44
PUSE3	820	4.76	1	7	1.60
PEASE1	820	5.44	1	7	1.29
PEASE2	820	5.31	1	7	1.31
PEASE3	820	5.05	1	7	1.32
PSEV1	820	5.75	1	7	1.38
PSEV2	820	5.61	1	7	1.26
PSEV3	820	5.73	1	7	1.32
PVUL1	820	4.20	1	7	1.67
PVUL2	820	4.77	1	7	1.46
PVUL3	820	5.07	1	7	1.37
PVUL4	820	4.32	1	7	1.63
PVUL5	820	4.74	1	7	1.52
SELF1	820	5.41	1	7	1.37
SELF2	820	5.41	1	7	1.41
SELF3	820	5.07	1	7	1.41
REFF1	820	4.38	1	7	1.59
REFF2	820	4.36	1	7	1.62
REFF3	820	4.17	1	7	1.60
INT1	820	4.49	1	7	1.56
INT2	820	4.40	1	7	1.59
INT3	820	4.43	1	7	1.60
BEHAV1	820	3.88	1	7	1.73
BEHAV2	820	4.27	1	7	1.60
BEHAV3	820	4.07	1	7	1.53

Figure 2. Results of the structural model.

Table 2. Results of the measurement (outer) model.

Items	Constructs	Standardized Coefficients	t	Cronbach’s Alpha	AVE	CR
PUSEFUL1	Perceived Usefulness (puseful)	.79 ***	26.136	.878	.707	.879
PUSEFUL2		.87 ***	45.351
PUSEFUL3		.86 ***	34.329
PEASY1	Perceived Ease of Use (peasy)	.71 ***	17.214	.831	.620	.829
PEASY2		.78 ***	22.136
PEASY3		.87 ***	28.351
SN1	Subjective Norms (sn)	.81 ***	21.370	.864	.680	.864
SN2		.81 ***	20.628
SN3		.85 ***	18.401
PVUL1	Perceived Vulnerability (pvul)	.84 ***	14.396	.858	.546	.856
PVUL2		.70 ***	32.293
PVUL3		.66 ***	8.055
PVUL4		.77 ***	18.914
PVUL5		.72 ***	26.816
PSEV1	Perceived Severity (psev)	.78 ***	17.740	.884	.720	.885
PSEV2		.91 ***	25.707
PSEV3		.85 ***	19.983
SELF1	Self-efficacy (self)	.79 ***	15.844	.787	.553	.787
SELF2		.65 ***	11.711
SELF3		.78 ***	12.801
REFF1	Perceived Response Efficacy (reff)	.78 ***	13.391	.782	.550	.785
REFF2		.77 ***	13.919
REFF3		.68 ***	7.481
ATT1	Attitude toward LBMA (att)	.88 ***	37.880	.911	.773	.911
ATT2		.88 ***	43.137
ATT3		.87 ***	27.019
INT1	Intention to adopt LBMA (int)	.83 ***	23.527	.925	.808	.926
INT2		.94 ***	48.662
INT3		.92 ***	30.115
BEHAV1	LBMA Adoption Behavior (behav)	.73 ***	19.158	.770	.536	.770
BEHAV2		.87 ***	21.246
BEHAV3		.56 ***	8.947

Notes: ***= p < .01.

Table 3. Square root of AVE and correlations between constructs (Fornell & Larcker, 1981).

	att	behav	int	psev	peasy	reff	puseful	pvul	self	sn
att	.88
behav	.46	.73
int	.44	.72	.90
psev	.11	.02	.00	.85
peasy	.68	.37	.40	.35	.79
reff	-.16	.24	.13	.15	-.10	.74
puseful	.78	.53	.51	.22	.87	.02	.84
pvul	-.27	.06	.02	.29	-.24	.72	-.23	.74
self	.37	.31	.32	.39	.54	-.24	.39	-.15	.74
sn	.72	.56	.49	.29	.73	.00	.83	-.12	.39	.82

Note: The diagonal entries (in bold) represent the square root of AVE estimates; the off-diagonal entries represent the correlations between constructs.

Table 4. Heterotrait-Monotrait (HTMT) ratios.

	att	behav	int	psev	peasy	reff	puseful	pvul	self
att
behav	.443
int	.440	.726
psev	.107	.066	.013
peasy	.679	.350	.397	.363
reff	.167	.333	.152	.144	.174
puseful	.789	.526	.510	.225	.871	.129
pvul	.269	.163	.059	.304	.227	.711	.223
self	.367	.302	.315	.394	.543	.249	.388	.151
sn	.723	.552	.494	.292	.729	.104	.840	.125	.39

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

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