How do demographic characteristics relate to organizational commitment? Evidence from Croatia

Figures & data

Table 1. Research sample characteristics.

	Respondents		Organizational commitment
Characteristic	Frequency	Percentage	Mean	Range
Gender
Male	127	41.8	3.3079	1.17–5.00
Female	177	58.2	3.1582	1.11–5.00
Age
Under 30	51	16.8	3.1372	1.39–4.78
31 − 40	91	29.9	2.9211	1.11–5.00
41 − 50	78	25.7	3.2946	1.17–5.00
51 and older	84	27.6	3.5276	1.44–5.00
Tenure in organization
Less than 10 years	125	41.1	3.0960	1.39–5.00
11 − 20	79	26.0	3.0778	1.11–5.00
21 and more	100	32.9	3.4897	1.17–5.00
Education
Secondary education/vocational education	109	35.9	3.3134	1.44–5.00
Higher education (university education)	130	42.8	3.0125	1.11–4.78
Master’s degree or doctoral degree	65	21.4	3.4819	1.89–4.64
Marital status
Single	94	30.9	3.1323	1.39–5.00
Married	165	54.3	3.2423	1.11–5.00
Divorced	37	12.2	3.3239	1.28–5.00
Widowed	8	2.6	3.3404	1.78–5.00

Source: Author’s research.

Table 2. Correlations among demographic characteristics.

	Gender	Age	Tenure	Education	Marital status
Gender	1	–.022	.020	–.111	–.029
Age	–.022	1	.799**	–.049	.412**
Tenure	.020	.799**	1	–.060	.345**
Education	–.111	–.049	–.060	1	.117*
Marital status	–.029	.412**	.345**	–.117*	1

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.

Source: Author’s research.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics.

	Mean	Median	Mode	Std. dev.	Min	Max	N
Organizational commitment	3.221	3.277	3.00	.8399	1.11	5.00	304
Affective commitment	3.393	3.333	3.00	.9736	1.00	5.00	304
Continuance commitment	3.212	3.167	3.00	.9225	1.00	5.00	304
Normative commitment	3.058	3.000	3.00	.9917	1.00	5.00	304

Source: Author’s research.

Table 4. Independent sample t test.

		Levene’s test of equality of variances		t test for equality of means
		F	Sig.	T	df	Sig. (two-tailed)	Mean difference	Std. error difference	95% confidence interval of the difference
									Lower	Upper
Organizational commitment	Equal variances assumed	.067	.797	1.536	302	.126	.14968	.09745	–.04210	.34145
	Equal variances not assumed			1.529	267.321	.127	.14968	.09787	–.04302	.34238

Source: Author’s research.

Table 5. One-way ANOVA – age and organizational commitment.

	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	Sig.
Between groups	16.860	3	5.620	8.564	.000
Within groups	196.885	300	.656
Total	213.745	303

Source: Author’s research.

Table 6. Scheffe’s post hoc test of multiple comparisons.

(I) Age	(J) Age	Mean difference (I–J)	Std. error	Sig.	95% Confidence interval
					Lower bound	Upper bound
Under 30	31–40	.21605	.14170	.509	–.1823	.6144
	41–50	–.15738	.14588	.762	–.5675	.2528
	51 and over	–.39043	.14381	.063	–.7947	.2528
31–40	Under 30	–.21605	.14170	.509	–.6144	.1823
	41–50	–.37344*	.12500	.032	–.7249	–.0220
	51 and over	–.60648*	.12258	.000	–.9511	–.2619
41–50	Under 30	.15738	.14588	.762	–.2528	.5675
	31–40	.37344*	.12500	.032	.0220	.7249
	51 and over	–.23305	.12738	.343	–.5912	.1251
51 and over	Under 30	.39043	.14381	.063	–.0139	.7947
	31–40	.60648*	.12258	.000	.2619	.9511
	41–50	.23305	.12738	.343	–.1251	.5912

*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Source: Author’s research.

Table 7. Scheffe’s post hoc test of homogenous subsets.

Age	N	Subset for alpha = 0.05
		1	2
31 − 40	91	2.92
Under 30	51	3.14
41 − 50	78	3.29	3.29
51 and over	84		3.53
Sig.		.055	.394

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

^aUses harmonic mean sample size = 72.304.

^bThe group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used. Type I error levels are not guaranteed.

Source: Author’s research.

Table 8. One–way ANOVA – tenure in organization and organizational commitment.

	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	Sig.
Between Groups	10.793	2	5.396	8.004	.000
Within Groups	202.952	301	.674
Total	213.745	303

Source: Author’s research.

Table 10. Scheffe’s post hoc test of homogenous subsets.

Tenure	N	Subset for alpha = 0.05
		1	2
11 − 20	79	3.0778
Less than 10 years	125	3.0960	3
21 and over	100		3.4897
Sig.		.988	1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

^aUses harmonic mean sample size = 97.853.

^bThe group sizes are unequal. The harmonic mean of the group sizes is used. Type I error levels are not guaranteed.

Source: Author’s research.

Table 9. Scheffe’s post hoc test of multiple comparisons.

(I) Tenure	(J) Tenure	Mean difference (I–J)	Std. error	Sig.	95% Confidence interval
					Lower bound	Upper bound
Less than 10 years	11 − 20	.01819	.11802	.988	–.2721	.3085
	21 and over	–.39370*	.11017	.002	–.6647	–.1227
11 − 20	Less than 10 years	–.01819	.11802	.988	–.3085	.2721
	21 and over	–.41189*	.12360	.004	–.7160	–.1078
21 and over	Less than 10 years	.39370*	.11017	.002	.1227	.6647
	11 − 20	.41189*	.12360	.004	.1078	.7160

*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Source: Author’s research.

Table 11. Independent-samples Kruskal–Wallis test.

Total N	304
Test statistic	15.295^a
Degree of freedom	2
Asymptotic sig. (two-sided test)	.000

^a The test statistic is adjusted for ties.

Source: Author’s research.

Table 12. Pairwise comparisons on education.

Sample 1–Sample 2	Test statistic	Std. error	Std. test statistic	Sig.	Adj. sig.
Higher education (University education) – secondary/vocational education	27.932	11.414	2.447	.014	.043
Higher education (University education) – Master's degree or doctoral degree	–50.242	13.350	–3.763	.000	.001
Secondary/vocational education – Master's degree or doctoral degree	–22.310	13.772	–1.620	.105	.316

Source: Author’s research.

Table 13. Organizational commitment according to employees’ education.

	Education	N	Mean rank
Organizational commitment	Secondary education/Vocational education	109	159.67
	Higher education (University Education)	130	131.74
	Master’s degree or doctoral degree	65	181.98
	Total	304

Source: Author’s research.

Table 14. One-way ANOVA – marital status and organizational commitment.

	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	Sig.
Between groups	1.320	3	.440	.622	.602
Within groups	212.425	300	.708
Total	213.745	303

Source: Author’s research.