Figures & data
Table 1. Summary of descriptive statistics.
Table 2. Results of unit root test.
Table 3. Pedroni co-integration test results.
Table 4. Panel FMOLS results for African countries.
Table 5. Panel FMOLS results for oil-producing and non-oil-producing countries.
Figure 1. Causality relations for African countries.
Source: Self-formulated.
Figure 2. Causality relations for oil-producing African countries.
Source: Self-formulated.
Figure 3. Causality relations for non-oil-producing African countries.
Source: Self-formulated.
Table 6. Panel granger causality results.