The role of technological innovation and cleaner energy towards the environment in ASEAN countries: proposing a policy for sustainable development goals

Figures & data

Table 1. CSD analysis.

Variables	T Statistics (Sig.)
CE	18.123*** (0.000)
EFP	21.218*** (0.000)
INV	17.342*** (0.000)
REN	20.210*** (0.000)
GDP	22.121*** (0.000)

Note. Whereas CE = carbon emission; EFP = ecological footprints; INV = innovation; REN means REN; GDP = gross domestic product.

Source: authors estimation.

Table 2. URT.

	Level I(0)			First Difference I(1)
Constructs	CIPS	M-CIPS			CIPS	M-CIPS
CE	−5.050***	−9.010**			–	–
EFP	−4.020***	−8.011**			–	–
INV	−5.002***	−8.101**			–	–
REN	−4.010***	−6.021**			–	–
GDP	−5.012***	−7.102**			–	–
Carrion-i-Silvestre and German-Soto (2009)
	Z	Pm	P	Z	Pm	P
CE	0.425	0.825	21.149	−3.035***	6.215***	68.154***
EFP	0.304	0.943	17.148	−4.005***	5.556***	72.058***
INV	0.421	0.741	24.365	−3.658***	7.059***	70.187***
REN	0.384	0.662	16.176	−3.066***	6.389***	69.089***
GDP	0.327	0.846	19.765	−4.505***	7.005***	79.058***

Note. CE means carbon emission, EFP means ecological footprints, INV means innovation, REN means REN, GDP means gross domestic product, respectively.

Source: authors estimation.

Table 3. Slope heterogeneity analysis.

Statistics	Test value (Sig-value)
CE (DV1)
DT	28.289*** (0.000)
DTA	33.357*** (0.000)
EFP (DV2)
DT	27.278*** (0.000)
DTA	32.167*** (0.000)

Note. Whereas CE means carbon emission, EFP means ecological footprints, INV means innovation, REN means REN, GDP means gross domestic product, respectively.

Source: authors estimation.

Table 4. PCA.

Test	No break	Mean shift	Regime shift
CE (DV1)
Zφ(N)	−4.201***	−3.221***	−5.010***
pvalue	0.000	0.000	0.000
Zτ(N)	−3.452***	−2.700***	−4.110***
Pvalue	0.000	0.000	0.000
EFP (DV2)
Zφ(N)	−8.234***	−7.276***	−11.001***
pvalue	0.000	0.000	0.000
Zτ(N)	−7.470***	−6.236***	−9.100***
pvalue	0.000	0.000	0.000

Note. Whereas CE means carbon emission, EFP means ecological footprints, INV means innovation, REN means REN, GDP means gross domestic product, respectively.

Source: authors estimation.

Table 5. CA.

States	No deterministic specification	With constant	With trend
CE emission (DV1)
Full Sample	−5.872***	−5.761***	−6.983***
Malaysia	−4.285***	−4.174***	−5.396***
Indonesia	−6.145***	−6.034***	−7.256***
Thailand	−7.247***	−6.136***	−7.358***
Vietnam	−5.276***	−5.165***	−6.387***
Singapore	−4.176***	−4.065***	−4.287***
Philippines	−6.278***	−6.167***	−7.389***
EFP emission (DV2)
Full Sample	−4.418***	−4.357***	−4.123***
Malaysia	−6.105***	−5.465***	−6.321***
Indonesia	−5.656***	−5.388***	−5.155***
Thailand	−7.334***	−7.555***	−8.204***
Vietnam	−4.270***	−4.907***	−4.301***
Singapore	−6.008***	−5.088***	−7.105***
Philippines	−7.134***	−6.303***	−8.010***

Source: authors estimation.

Table 6. Autoregressive distributed lag analysis for long run.

Constructs	B-Coeff	t-stats	Sig
CE (DV1)
INV	−0.311***	−4.011	0.000
REN	−0.295***	−3.017	0.000
GDP	0.171***	3.171	0.000
GDP^2	−0.153*	−1.712	0.082
CSD-statistics	–	0.044	0.910
EFP (DV2)
INV	−0.517***	−3.845	0.000
REN	−0.470***	−5.006	0.000
GDP	0.354***	5.607	0.000
GDP^2	−0.267**	2.122	0.041
CSD-statistics	–	0.013	0.956

Note. CE means carbon emission, EFP means ecological footprints, INV means innovation, REN means REN, GDP means gross domestic product, respectively.

Source: authors estimation.

Table 7. Autoregressive distributed lag model for short run.

Constructs	Beta-coeff	t-statistics	Sig.
CE (DV1)
INV	−0.176***	−3.067	0.000
REN	−0.117**	−2.351	0.037
GDP	0.216***	5.013	0.000
GDP2	−0.074***	−4.482	0.000
ECT(-1)	−0.322***	−4.003	0.000
EFP (DV2)
INV	−0.097***	−3.556	0.000
REN	−0.038***	−6.101	0.000
GDP	0.112***	8.133	0.000
GDP2	−0.075*	−1.901	0.055
ECT(-1)	−0.103***	−3.801	0.000

Note. CE means carbon emission, EFP means ecological footprints, INV means innovation, REN means REN, GDP means gross domestic product, respectively.

Source: authors estimation.

Carrion-i-Silvestre, J. L., & German-Soto, V. (2009). Panel data stochastic convergence analysis of the Mexican regions. Empirical Economics, 37(2), 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-008-0234-x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar