The dynamic influence of inbound tourism and film and drama industry in promoting environmental sustainability in China: new evidence from bootstrap ARDL approach

Figures & data

Table 1. Variable’s description and data source.

Variable name	Acronym	Description	measurement	Data source
Environmental performance	EP	Ecological Footprint Per Capita	Index	Global Footprint Network
Film and Drama industry	FI	Stocks of Film and drama production companies	Index prices	DataStream Database
Tourism Development index	TDI	Cumulative Index of tourism development	Index constructed through PCA using international tourism expenditure, revenue and tourist inflows	WDI
Economic growth	GDP	Real Gross Product per Capita	US Dollar	WDI

Note: Data 2000-2019. All variables are transformed into a quarterly dataset.

Source: Author calculations.

Table 2. Variable’s description.

Variables	Mean	Min.	Max.	Std. Dev.	ADF (Δ)
EP	0.657	0.258	0.697	0.484	−3.542***
FI	0.202	0.685	1.541	0.026	−2.980**
TDI	0.420	−0.314	0.654	0.103	−4.675***
GDP	0.690	0.0212	1.013	0.017	−5.922***

“Note: At level all variables are non-stationary through ADF test.”.

“The asterisk ***, ** and * represent level of significance at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively.”.

Source: Author calculations.

Table 3. Results of bootstrapped ARDL cointegration analysis.

Bootstrapped ARDL Cointegration Analysis						Diagnostic tests
Estimated Models	Lag length	Break Year	FPSS	TDV	TIV	$\overline{\mathit{R}}$^2	Q-stat	LM(2)	JB
Model-1	1, 1, 2, 2	2009 Q3	12.718***	−6.201***	−6.100***	0.710	5.239	1.805	0.722

“Model-1: EP_t = f (FI_t, TDI_t, GDP_t)”.

“Note: The asterisks *** and ** show significance at 1% and 5%levels, respectively. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) decides the optimal lag length. FPSS is the F-statistic based on the asymptotic critical bounds generated from the bootstrap method. TDV is the t-statistic for the dependent variable, TIV is the t-statistic for the independent variables, and LM is the Langrage Multiplier test followed by JB for the Jarque-Bera test.”.

Source: Author calculations.

Table 4. Results bootstrapped ARDL cointegration analysis.

Long-Run				Short-Run
Variable	Coefficient	T-Statistics	P. Value	Coefficient	T-Statistics	P. Value
Constant	0.242***	3.560	0.000	0.139***	4.501	0.000
FIt	−0.052**	−2.642	0.010	−0.016*	−2.001	0.054
TDIt	−0.102***	−3.486	0.000	−0.086**	−2.152	0.043
GDPt	0.615***	4.712	0.000	0.245***	3.520	0.000
D20009	0.150***	3.576	0.000	0.119**	2.400	0.031
R^2	0.709
Adj - R^2	0.626
Durbin Watson	2.010
Stability analysis
Test		F-Statistics	P. Value
${\chi }_{\mathrm{NORMAL}}^2$		0.342	0.153
${\chi }_{\mathrm{SERIAL}}^2$		0.680	0.401
${\chi }_{\mathrm{ARCH}}^2$		0.459	0.330
${\chi }_{\mathrm{HETERO}}^2$		0.610	0.437
${\chi }_{\mathrm{RESET}}^2$		0.525	0.218
CUSUM		Stable
CUSUMsq		Stable

“Note: ***, ** and * represent level of significance at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively.”.

Source: Author calculations.

Table 5. Results of Granger Causality.

Null Hypothesis:	F-Statistic	Prob.
FI does not Granger Cause EP	10.545***	0.000
EP does not Granger Cause FI	7.972***	0.000
TDI does not Granger Cause EP	6.198***	0.000
EP does not Granger Cause TDI	8.523***	0.000
GDP does not Granger Cause EP	12.601***	0.000
EP does not Granger Cause GDP	5.914**	0.040

Note: ***, ** and * represent level of significance at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively.

Source: Author calculations.