Sustainable digital economy and trade adjusted carbon emissions: Evidence from China’s provincial data

Figures & data

Figure 1. The theoretical framework.

Source: Author own derivations.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

$\mathit{Statistics}$	${\mathit{CCO}}_2$	$\mathit{IM}$	$\mathit{EX}$	$\mathit{GDP}$	$\mathit{DE}$
$\mathit{Mean}$	31655.90	1555.628	1926.145	19557.63	1.072445
$\mathit{Median}$	25754.61	208.9200	266.9800	15148.08	1.044300
$\mathit{Maximum}$	105339.0	27751.26	42186.80	89705.23	2.140700
$\mathit{Minimum}$	1564.586	1.180000	2.510000	648.5000	0.574000
$\mathit{Standard}\mathrm{ }\mathit{Deviation}$	21906.90	4260.085	6013.315	17024.87	0.157936
$\mathit{Skewness}$	1.181901	4.437758	5.369708	1.822871	1.463532
$\mathit{Kurtosis}$	3.874881	23.00650	33.01166	6.648390	9.466090
$\mathit{Jarque}-\mathit{Bera}$	119.1182	8981.902	19050.65	498.7911	944.5878
$p-\mathit{values}$	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000

Source: Author own derivations.

Table 2. Diagnostic tests.

Slope Heterogeneity
$\Delta$	11.785*** (0.000)
$\stackrel{\sim }{\Delta }-\mathit{Adjusted}$	15.214*** (0.000)
Cross-Section Dependence
Variables		CD-Statistics
${\mathit{CCO}}_2$		56.699***
$IM$		68.708***
$DE$		10.11***
$EX$		69.00***
$\mathit{GDP}$		79.757***

Note: ***, ** and * is for 1%, 5% and 10% significance level.

Source: Author own derivations.

Table 3. Unit root test.

Variables	Trend and Intercept
	Level	First-Difference
${\mathit{CCO}}_2$	−3.319***	–
$IM$	−1.912	−3.520***
$EX$	−1.790	−3.169***
$\mathit{GDP}$	−1.825	−2.739**
$DE$	−4.068***	–

Note: ***, ** and * is for 1%, 5% and 10% significance level.

Source: Author own derivations.

Table 4. Westerlund (2007) ECM based cointegration.

$\mathit{Statistics}$	$\mathit{Value}(\mathit{s})$
$G_t$	−5.052***
$G_a$	−2.450
$P_t$	−18.071***
$P_a$	−2.605

Note: ***, ** and * is for 1%, 5% and 10% significance level.

Source: Author own derivations.

Table 5. Method of moment quantile regression.

$\mathit{Variables}$	$\mathit{Coefficients}$	$\mathit{Std}.\mathrm{ }\mathit{Error}$
${\mathit{Q}}_{0.25}$
$IM$	0.0171***	0.0037
$EX$	−0.032***	0.0028
$\mathit{GDP}$	0.484***	0.0467
$DE$	−0.140*	0.0818
$\mathit{Constant}$	2.472***	0.1591
${\mathit{Q}}_{0.50}$
$IM$	0.0238***	0.0031
$EX$	−0.0916***	0.0219
$\mathit{GDP}$	0.427***	0.0283
$DE$	−0.093*	0.0488
$\mathit{Constant}$	2.717***	0.0970
${\mathit{Q}}_{0.75}$
$IM$	0.027*	0.0147
$EX$	−0.038***	0.0078
$\mathit{GDP}$	0.394***	0.0241
$DE$	−0.066***	0.0104
$\mathit{Constant}$	2.856***	0.0820

Source: Author own derivations.

Table 6. Ratio of CBA/PBA.

Province	CBA/PBA	Status	Province	CBA/PBA	Status
Beijing	2.089	Emission Importer	Jilin	0.359	Emission Exporter
Tianjin	2.348	Emission Importer	Shanghai	0.397	Emission Exporter
Hebei	7.326	Emission Importer	Zhejiang	0.448	Emission Exporter
Shaanxi	3.280	Emission Importer	Fujian	0.787	Emission Exporter
Inner Mogolia	1.117	Emission Importer	Guangdong	0.447	Emission Exporter
Liaoning	1.545	Emission Importer	Hainan	0.115	Emission Exporter
Heilongjiang	2.784	Emission Importer	Chongqing	0.839	Emission Exporter
Jiangsu	3.207	Emission Importer	Sichuan	0.763	Emission Exporter
Anhui	4.524	Emission Importer	Gansu	0.659	Emission Exporter
Jiangxi	1.678	Emission Importer	Qinghai	0.065	Emission Exporter
Shandong	3.573	Emission Importer	Xinjiang	0.774	Emission Exporter
Henan	4.108	Emission Importer
Hubei	1.840	Emission Importer
Hunan	1.247	Emission Importer
Guangxi	1.016	Emission Importer
Guizhou	2.166	Emission Importer
Yunnan	3.551	Emission Importer
Shaanxi	2.897	Emission Importer
Ningxia	1.283	Emission Importer
Xinjiang	0.774	Emission Importer

Source: Author own derivations.

Table 6. Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality.

${\mathit{H}}_0$	${\mathit{Wald}}_{\mathit{Stats}}$	${\overline{\mathit{Z}}}_{\mathit{Stats}}$	$\mathit{p}-\mathit{value}(\mathit{s})$
IM - CCO2	4.77291	3.46000	0.000
CCO2 - IM	2.71905	3.96842	0.000
EX - CCO2	1.86347	1.70009	0.089
CCO2 - EX	3.37295	5.70205	0.000
GDP - CCO2	2.49551	3.37577	0.000
CCO2 - GDP	10.1504	23.6706	0.000
DE - CCO2	4.76801	4.44700	0.000
CCO2 - DE	2.19018	2.56627	0.010

Source: Author own derivations.

Westerlund, J. 2007. Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 69(6), 709–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x

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