Impact of tourism industry, globalization, and technology innovation on ecological footprints in G-10 countries

Figures & data

Figure 1. Carbon footprint of G-10 countries. Source: Global Footprint Network 2017, https://data.footprintnetwork.org/.

Table 1. Variable’s description.

Abbreviation	Variable description	Measurement	Source
Dependent variable
EF	Ecological Footprint	Per Capita	GFN
Independent variables
TOR	International Tourist Arrivals	Headcount	WDI
INV	Technology Innovation	Number of Patents	WDI
GLB	Globalization	KOF Globalization Index	WDI
GDP	Per capita income	USD Constant (2010)	WDI

Note: GFN and WDI denote Global Footprint network and World development indicators.

Data Source: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators; https://www.footprintnetwork.org/resources/data/

Table 2. Cross-sectional dependency and unit root tests.

Variables	CD test	P-value	CADF unit root test*	CIPS unit root test
EF	14.219	0.000	4.368***	3.654***
TOR	9.830	0.000	5.725***	6.103***
INV	15.745	0.000	3.967***	3.248***
GLB	12.120	0.000	6.310***	5.462***
GDP	18.902	0.000	4.540***	4.005***

Note: All variables are stationary at first difference in both unit root tests.

***Level of significance at 1%.

Source: Author’s source

Table 3. Panel cointegration (Westerlund, 2007).

Statistics	Values	Z-values	P-values
Gt	−8.512	−8.460	0.000
Ga	−5.210	6.322	0.000
Pt	−7.625	−7.514	0.000
Pa	−10.657	−10.890	0.000

Source: Author’s source

Table 4. CS-ARDL analysis (long run CS-ARDL results).

	Beta value	t-statistics	Sig.
DV: EF
TOR	0.097***	5.376	0.000
INV	−0.102***	−4.822	0.000
GLB	0.298***	6.750	0.000
GDP	0.530***	6.541	0.000

***Level of significance at 1%.

Source: Author’s source

Table 5. CS-ARDL analysis (short run CS-ARDL results).

	Beta value	t-statistics	Sig.
DV: EF
ECT	−0.405***	−3.755	0.000
TOR	0.050**	2.401	0.000
INV	−0.074**	−2.218	0.000
GLB	0.250***	4.635	0.000
GDP	0.480***	5.582	0.000

***, ** & * showing level of significance at 1, 5, and 10 percent, respectively.

Source: Author’s source

Global Footprint Network. (2017). Country trend (2021). Ecological footprint- carbon footprint. https://data.footprintnetwork.org/

 Google Scholar

Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x

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