Novel research methods on evaluating the nexus between energy consumption, economic growth and environment: evidence from China

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics and Normality Test.

	CO2	FFC	GDP
Mean	4002822.	76.51348	3.32E + 12
Median	2703715.	76.75691	1.56E + 12
Std. Dev.	3172778.	9.290159	3.82E + 12
Skewness	0.906585	−0.230616	1.276912
Kurtosis	2.319042	1.874670	3.400423
Jarque-Bera	7.815179	3.081466	13.92157
Probability	0.020089	0.214224	0.000948

Source: Authors own estimation on data obtained from given sources.

Table 2. Augmented Dickey-Fuller test.

Variable	I(0)	I(1)
CO2	−2.134	−5.790***
FFC	−1.434	−5.754***
GDP	−2.843	−5.409***

Note: Significance level is denoted by *** for 1%, ** for 5% and * for 10%. I(0) is for level, and I(1) is for the first difference.

Source: Authors own estimation on data obtained from given sources.

Figure 1. Quantiles on Quantiles Regression CO₂-FFC.

Note: The z-axis indicates the coefficient values, the x-axis indicates FFC, and the y-axis represents CO₂

Source: Authors own estimation on data obtained from given sources.

Figure 2. Quantiles on Quantiles Regression CO₂-GDP.

Note: The z-axis indicates the coefficient values, the x-axis indicates CO₂, and the y-axis represents GDP.

Source: Authors own estimation on data obtained from given sources.

Figure 3. Quantiles on Quantiles Regression GDP-FFC.

Note: The z-axis indicates the coefficient values, the x-axis indicates FFC, and the y-axis represents GDP.

Source: Authors own estimation on data obtained from given sources.

Table 3. Granger-Causality Test.

Null Hypothesis:	F-Statistic	Prob.
FFC - CO2	4.6992***	0.000
CO2 - FFC	5.7564***	0.000
GDP - CO2	2.9577**	0.032
CO2 - GDP	4.9634***	0.000
GDP - FFC	5.0815***	0.000
FFC - GDP	4.2402***	0.000

Note: Significance level is denoted by *** for 1%, ** for 5% and * for 10%.

Source: Authors own estimation on data obtained from given sources.