Carbon productivity and economic growth patterns in China

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics.

Variable	N	Mean	SD	Min	P50	Max
p	252	3.06	2.01	0.53	3.20	8.74
GDP	252	3766.13	4526.48	221.69	2205.70	19974.53
C	252	1798.55	2415.55	276.63	619.49	10668.89

Source: own calculations.

Figure 1. Carbon productivity and the growth rate of China.

Source: own calculations.

Table 2. Carbon productivity and growth rate correlation analysis.

		Average growth rate of carbon productivity (arrange in order)
		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Carbon productivity (arrange in order)	1	GBR
	2				FRA
	3								ITA
	4						DEU
	5									JPN
	6			USA
	7												BRA
	8							CAN
	9		CHN
	10											IND
	11					RUS
	12										ZAF

Source: own calculations.

Table 3. Economic growth mode interval.

Patterns	Judgment interval ($e_p$)
Low-carbon I	$(1,+\infty )$
Low-carbon II	$(\sqrt{\frac{2r+3}{(4-2\sqrt{3})r^2}}-\frac{3+\sqrt{3}}{2r},1]$
Low-carbon III	$(\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{r}+\frac{1}{r^2}+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2r^2}}-\frac{1+\sqrt{3}}{2r},\sqrt{\frac{2r+3}{(4-2\sqrt{3})r^2}}-\frac{3+\sqrt{3}}{2r}]$
Medium-carbon I	$(\frac{\sqrt{1+r}-1}{r},\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{r}+\frac{1}{r^2}+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2r^2}}-\frac{1+\sqrt{3}}{2r}]$
Medium-carbon II	$\frac{\sqrt{1+r}-1}{r}$
Medium-carbon III	$[\sqrt{\frac{1}{r\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{3r^2}+\frac{1}{2r^2\sqrt{3}}}-\frac{1+\sqrt{3}}{2\sqrt{3}r},\frac{\sqrt{1+r}-1}{r})$
High-carbon I	$[\sqrt{\frac{3+2r}{(4+2\sqrt{3})r^2}}-\frac{3-\sqrt{3}}{2r}),\sqrt{\frac{1}{r\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{3r^2}+\frac{1}{2r^2\sqrt{3}}}-\frac{1+\sqrt{3}}{2\sqrt{3}r})$
High-carbon II	$[0,\sqrt{\frac{3+2r}{(4+2\sqrt{3})r^2}}-\frac{3-\sqrt{3}}{2r})$
High-carbon III	$(-\infty ,0)$

Source: own calculations.

Figure 2. Definition of economic growth patterns.

Source: self-drawing

Table 4. Changes in China's economic growth patterns.

Country	ep	Pattern (Frist Stage)	ep	Pattern (Second Stage)
China	0.0806	C	0.6848	A-
Brazil	0.2830	C+	−0.4435	C-
Russia	0.8011	A	0.7372	A-
India	0.1684	C	0.1992	C
South Africa	0.3776	B-	0.8635	A
United States	1.3366	A+	1.3858	A+
France	1.6089	A+	2.4676	A+
United Kingdom	1.7322	A+	2.8662	A+
Germany	1.9131	A+	2.0434	A+
Italy	3.4497	A+	–	–
Japan	1.7099	A+	2.1202	A+
Canada	1.0482	A+	0.7793	A-

Note: The economic growth rate in Italy is near zero in the second stage. A + (low-carbon type I), A (low-carbon type II), A − (low-carbon type III), B + (medium-carbon type I), B (medium-carbon type II), B − (medium-carbon type III), C + (high-carbon type I), C (high-carbon type II), and C − (high-carbon type III).

Source: own calculations.

Figure 3. Carbon productivity and economic growth.

Source: own calculations.