The role of human capital and environmental protection on the sustainable development goals: new evidences from Chinese economy

Figures & data

Figure 1. Carbon emission in China from 2012 to 2021. Source: own work.

Table 1. Variables with measurements.

S#	Variables	Measurement	Sources
01	Sustainable Development Goals	Carbon dioxide damages (% of GNI)	World Bank Database
02	Human Capital	Human capital index	World Bank Database
03	Environmental protection	Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output)	World Bank Database
		Renewable energy consumption (% of total energy consumption)	World Bank Database
04	Economic Growth	GDP growth (annual %)	World Bank Database
05	Population Growth	Population growth (annual %)	World Bank Database

Source: own work.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics.

	CO2	REC	REP	HCI	EG	PG
Mean	3.044851	0.343262	0.45656	95.388094	1.534159	0.856974
Median	2.887024	0.353821	0.49797	95.552127	1.283500	0.789053
Maximum	7.994729	0.416746	0.93190	112.69343	3.404000	1.815535
Minimum	0.900425	0.247523	0.21518	90.074992	0.489000	0.283427
Std. Dev.	2.211252	0.051303	6.088519	3.691191	0.876745	0.446397
Skewness	0.120701	−0.301081	0.310247	0.501353	0.621223	0.696001
Kurtosis	2.204012	1.780646	1.923810	2.686325	1.977747	2.525414
Observations	34	34	34	34	34	34

Source: own work.

Table 3. Correlation matrix.

Variables	CO2	HCI	REP	REC	EG	PG
CO2	1.000
HCI	−0.463	1.000
REP	−0.347	−0.213	1.000
REC	−0.098	−0.197	−0.654	1.000
EG	0.298	0.459	0.029	−0.644	1.000
PG	0.415	0.514	−0.386	−0.389	0.811	1.000

Source: own work.

Table 4. Unit root test.

Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test (ADF)	Level	t-statistics	p-values
CO2	I(0)	−3.2786	0.0242
PG	I(1)	−4.7916	0.0008
HCI	I(0)	−3.8976	0.0053
REP	I(1)	−4.4636	0.0011
EG	I(1)	−6.2110	0.0000
REC	I(1)	−3.6621	0.0088

Source: own work.

Table 5. ARDL bound test.

				Bound test critical values
Model	F-statistics	Lag	Level of Significance	I(0)	I(1)
CO2/(HCI, REP, REC, EG, PG)	3.58	5	1%	3.05	4.14
			5%	2.38	3.39
			10%	2.07	3.01

Source: own work.

Table 6. Short run coefficients.

Variable	Coefficient	Std. Error	t-Statistic	Prob.
D(HCI)	−0.449860	0.150242	−2.994236	0.0310
D(REP)	−0.666452	0.131029	−5.086293	0.0003
D(REC)	−8.270120	3.039107	−2.721233	0.0448
D(EG)	0.170552	0.028634	5.956276	0.0001
D(PG)	0.248417	0.109378	2.271179	0.0495
CointEq(−1)	−1.274823	0.223171	−5.712315	0.0004
R-squared	0.656651	Mean dependent var		−0.060852
Adjusted R-squared	0.645255	S.D. dependent var		2.125322

Source: own work.

Table 7. Long term coefficients.

Variable	Coefficient	Std. Error	t-Statistic	Prob.
HCI	−0.267931	0.127389	−2.103251	0.0421
REP	−0.668623	0.229853	−2.908916	0.0022
REC	−0.195651	0.021687	−9.021579	0.0000
EG	1.292038	0.823211	1.569510	0.1509
PG	2.098701	0.918230	2.285594	0.0312
C	0.845174	0.328095	2.576004	0.0049

Source: own work.