Drivers of green innovation in BRICS countries: exploring tripple bottom line theory

Figures & data

Figure 1. Relationship between the triple bottom line with green innovation.

Source: Author’s own

Table 1. Variables description.

Sign	Indicate	Description	Measurement unit	Source
GI	Dependent	Green Innovation	Eco patents % of total patents	OECD.Stat.
Soc	Social Factor	Human Development	Index measured by average year of Schooling	Penworld Table
Eco	Economic Factor	Economic Growth	GDP Per Capita (constant 2010 $)	WDI
Env	Environmental Factor	Environmental Stringency Index	Environmental policy stringency index	OECD.Stat.
Glob	Control	Globalization	KOF Glob Index	KOF Glob. Index.

Source: Author’s own.

Table 2. Cross-sectional dependency and slope homogeneity test.

Variables	CSD test
	F-value	P-value
GI	18.325***	0.000
Soc	7.318***	0.000
Eco	12.045***	0.000
Env	15.994***	0.000
Glob	13.587***	0.000
Slope homogeneity test
Test	Value	P-value
$\widehat{\Delta }$	13.068***	0.000
${\widehat{\widehat{\Delta }}}_{\mathrm{adjusted}}$	14.515***	0.000

Note: ***P < 1%.

Source: Author’s own.

Table 3. CIPS & CADF unit root tests.

Variables	CIPS		CADF
	I(0)	I(I)	I(0)	I(I)
GI	−1.843	−3.105***	−1.551	−3.465***
Soc	−0.750	−2.748**	−1.946	−3.044**
Eco	−0.856	−2.895**	−1.136	−2.816*
Env	−1.590	−4.142***	−1.722	−3.958***
Glob	−1.325	−4.190***	−1.351	−4.560***

Note: ***P < 1%, and **P < 5%.

Source: Author’s own.

Table 4. Cointegration outcomes.

Statistics	Gt	Ga	Pt	Pa
Value	−2.795***	−3.462**	−3.570***	−4.638***
P-value	0.008	0.004	0.000	0.000

Note: ***P < 1%, and **P < 5%.

Source: Author’s own.

Table 5. Findings of CS-ARDL.

Variables	Long-run			Short-run
	Coefficient	t-stats	Sig.	Coefficient	t-stats	Sig.
ECT-1	–	–	–	−0.318	−3.725	***
Soc	0.175	3.180	***	0.110	3.714	***
Eco	0.290	2.043	**	0.067	1.856	*
Env	0.438	4.612	***	0.192	2.407	**
Glob	0.310	5.712	***	0.105	4.635	****

Note: ***P < 1%, **P < 5% and *P < 10%.

Source: Author’s own.

Table 6. Findings of AMG and CCEMG (Robustness).

Variables	AMG			CCEMG
	Coefficient	t-stats	Sig.	Coefficient	t-stats	Sig.
Soc	0.159	2.254	**	0.160	2.392	**
Eco	0.237	2.165	**	0.296	2.805	***
Env	0.490	4.068	***	0.417	3.641	***
Glob	0.326	3.065	***	0.349	2.523	**

Note: ***P < 1%, **P < 5% and *P < 10%.

Source: Author’s own.