Prediction of E.U. sustainable development indicators based on fuzzy description and similarity

Figures & data

Figure 1. Membership function.

Source: own processing.

Figure 2. Fuzzy set A.

Source: own processing.

Table 1. Observed variables.

Variable	Description of variable
X1	Average CO2 emissions per km from new passenger cars
X2	Gross domestic expenditure on R&D
X3	Human resources in science and technology
X4	Patent applications to the European Patent Office
X5	R&D personnel by sector of all active population
X6	Share of buses and trains in total passenger transport
X7	Share of rail and inland waterways in total freight transport

Source: own processing.

Table 2. Ranking of countries.

Country	CO2 emissions	Gross domestic expenditure on R&D	Human resources in science and technology	Patent applications to the European Patent Office	R&D personnel by sector of all active population	Share of busses and trains in total passenger transport	Share of rail and inland waterways in total freight transport
	X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6	X7
Belgium	11	5	8	8	5	9	13
Czechia	17	10	19	15	13	2	14
Denmark	3	4	4	7	1	8	22
Germany	24	3	13	1	8	21	15
Estonia	26	13	10	22	20	7	5
Ireland	6	20	6	12	10	12	26
Greece	4	19	20	17	16	11	25
Spain	10	16	16	10	17	20	24
France	5	7	9	2	11	14	21
Croatia	8	21	18	25	24	18	17
Italy	7	14	23	5	14	10	20
Latvia	21	25	17	26	25	13	1
Lithuania	22	22	11	23	21	26	2
Luxembourg	25	17	1	14	2	15	18
Hungary	23	12	22	18	18	1	10
Netherlands	1	8	7	3	6	22	4
Austria	15	2	12	9	4	4	9
Poland	20	18	15	13	19	5	16
Portugal	2	15	21	16	15	25	19
Slovenia	12	9	14	19	9	24	8
Slovakia	19	23	24	20	23	3	7
Finland	9	6	3	11	3	17	12
Sweden	14	1	2	6	7	16	11

Source: own processing.

Table 3. Cluster membership for each country.

Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4	Cluster 5
Austria	Ireland	Lithuania	Poland	Portugal
Germany	Luxembourg	Estonia	Slovakia	Greece
Finland	Denmark	Latvia	Czechia	Spain
Sweden	Belgium		Hungary	Italy
	France			Croatia
	Netherlands
	Slovenia

Source: own processing.

Table 4. Predictions for cluster 1 countries.

		2020	2021	2022	2023
Human resources in science	X3	52.79	51.40	50.79	50.52
R and D Personnel	X5	2.87	2.68	2.53	2.52
GDP R&D	X2	2.87	2.68	2.53	2.52
BUS	X6	16.55	15.96	16.35	16.25
WaterWays	X7	31.07	31.57	31.67	31.70
CO2	X1	127.89	129.86	129.86	129.95
GDP per cap.	X4	49424	47956	49424	49650

Source: own processing.

Table 5. Predictions for cluster 2 countries.

		2020	2021	2022	2023
Human resources in science	X3	50.72	49.43	51.57	51.76
R and D Personnel	X5	2.043	2.046	2.044	2.045
GDP R&D	X2	2.043	2.046	2.044	2.045
BUS	X6	16.5	16.04	16.45	16.49
WaterWays	X7	21.5	21.5	21.96	21.95
CO2	X1	126.72	129.57	126.72	128.85
GDP per cap.	X4	46872.15	46872.15	48876.45	49880

Source: own processing.

Table 6. Predictions for cluster 3 countries.

		2020	2021	2022	2023
Human resources in science	X3	43.73	45.38	45.5	45.43
R and D Personnel	X5	0.39	0.42	0.41	0.4
GDP R&D	X2	0.39	0.43	0.44	0.42
BUS	X6	16.01	16.23	16.45	16.52
WaterWays	X7	68.39	68.07	66.97	66.23
CO2	X1	147	141	139.67	138.34
GDP per cap.	X4	26138.86	27298.74	27878.68	27840.43

Source: own processing.

Table 7. Predictions for cluster 4 countries.

		2020	2021	2022	2023
Human resources in science	X3	35.58	37.57	37.43	36.56
R and D Personnel	X5	0.71	0.54	0.54	0.51
GDP R&D	X2	0.71	0.54	0.54	0.51
BUS	X6	25.47	24.85	24.35	23.94
WaterWays	X7	31.62	30.58	30.78	30.89
CO2	X1	133.78	128.19	127.79	127.35
GDP per cap.	X4	28599.66	31430.32	31370.73	31260.65

Source: own processing.

Table 8. Predictions for cluster 5 countries.

		2020	2021	2022	2023
Human resources in science	X3	37.52	36.89	36.35	35.78
R and D Personnel	X5	1.02	0.97	0.85	0.78
GDP R&D	X2	1.02	0.97	0.85	0.78
BUS	X6	15.74	15.82	15.78	15.80
WaterWays	X7	7.63	7.51	7.45	7.41
CO2	X1	114.89	112.52	112.23	111.83
GDP per cap.	X4	35112.23	33232.18	33200.62	33150.47

Source: own processing.