Examining the impact of high technology exports on environmental sustainability? An empirical insight

Figures & data

Table 1. Correlation matrix.

	HTE1	HTE2	URB	GDP	IND	HC
HTE1	1
HTE2	0.7946	1
URB	−0.0201	−0.0608	1
GDP	0.2314	0.2562	−0.7527	1
IND	0.4981	0.5634	0.221	−0.2827	1
HC	0.1571	−0.0858	−0.3688	0.4108	−0.3463	1

Notes: The correlation between the variables is presented in this table. The main independent variables are HTE1 and HTE2. HTE2 is the alternative variable of HTE; Control variables are IND, GDP, and URB; Moderating variable is HC.

Source: Author’s Calculations.

Table 2. Variance inflation factor results.

Variable	VIF
HTE1	3.577865
HTE2	3.792123
HC	1.637543
URB	2.640186
GDP	3.526846
IND	2.367966

Notes: The VIF result is presented in this table. Carbon Intensity (CI) is the dependent variable; the Core independent variable is HTE1; the alternative variable is HTE2 of HTE; Control variables are URB, IND, and GDP; Moderating variable is human capital.

Source: Author’s Calculations.

Table 3. Results of unit root analysis.

Method	Statistic	Prob.**
Null: Unit root (assumes common unit root process)
Levin, Lin & Chu t*	−93.5842	0.0000
Null: Unit root (assumes individual unit root process)
Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat	−18.6761	0.0000
ADF – Fisher Chi-square	165.680	0.0000
PP – Fisher Chi-square	223.206	0.0000

Note: The dependent variable is CI; the Core independent variable is HTE1; the Control variables are URB, IND, and GDP. The significance level is taken at 5%.

Source: Author’s Calculations.

Table 4. OLS results.

Variable	Coefficient	Std. Error	P-value
HTE1	5.8201	2.4601	0.0190
IND	−0.0969	0.0549	0.0792
URB	0.3553	0.3269	0.2783
GDP	6.4300	1.1200	0.0000
C	6.8236	1.3958	0.0000

Notes: OLS test results are shown in this table. The dependent variable is CI; the Core independent variable is HTE1; the Control variables are URB, IND, and GDP. The significance level is taken at 5%.

Source: Author’s Calculations.

Table 5. Robust test with CI.

Variable	Coefficient	Std. error	P-value
HTE1	−3.4701	1.7601	0.0502
HTE2	0.2359	0.0450	0.0000
GDP	7.0400	1.65E − 05	0.0000
URB	0.5422	0.304669	0.0765
IND	−0.1259	0.034892	0.0004
C	6.3199	0.902436	0.0000

Notes: Results of the robust test shows in this table. CI is the dependent variables; the core independent variable is HTE1; the alternative variable is HTE2; the Control variables are URB, IND, and GDP. The significance level is taken at 5% (Table 6).

Source: Author’s Calculations.

Table 6. Robust test with PM2.5.

Variable	Coefficient	Std. error	P-value
HTE1	−5.0901	2.6301	0.0544
HTE2	2.0095	0.5094	0.0001
URB	−9.2134	2.5074	0.0003
GDP	0.0003	8.4105	0.0000
IND	0.5502	0.4060	0.1768
C	57.7379	10.4432	0.0000

Notes: Results of the robust test shows in this table. PM2.5 is the dependent variables; the core independent variable is HTE1; the alternative variable is HTE2; the Control variables are URB, IND, and GDP. The significance level is taken at 5%.

Source: Author’s Calculations.

Table 7. Linear Regression Results (Moderation Model).

Variable	Coefficient	Std. error	P-value
HC	−1.5301	8.2701	0.0691
HTE1	1.4701	8.4601	0.0876
HTE2	0.4570	0.1128	0.0001
GDP	6.9705	3.1700	0.0317
URB	0.3284	0.5553	0.5563
IND	−0.3925	0.0703	0.0000
C	11.5098	3.0121	0.0003

Notes: Results of linear regression (mediating effect) are shown in this table. CI is the dependent variable; the Core independent variable is HTE1; Control variables are Urbanization, Industry, and GDP; Moderating variable is human capital (HC). The significance level is taken at 10%.

Source: Author’s Calculations.

Table A1. Descriptive statistics.

	CI	PM2.5	HTE1	HTE2	HC	GDP	IND	URB
Mean	6.22	71.38	5.86	5.40	88.41	22456.89	25.87	1.35
Median	4.92	86.21	1.80	3.11	94.30	12474.79	25.88	1.27
Maximum	17.43	100.00	7.31	29.12	99.17	56762.73	46.49	3.25
Minimum	1.28	0.25	4.34	0.05	56.08	1101.96	18.04	−0.07
Std.Dev.	4.04	33.98	1.09	6.51	13.40	18.07	5.44	0.83

Table A2. Countries’ list of 25 countries.

Argentina	Colombia	India	Morocco	Switzerland
Australia	Finland	Ireland	Norway	Belgium
Austria	France	Italy	Poland	Turkey
Canada	Denmark	Japan	Spain	Hungary
China	Greece	Mexico	Sweden	United States