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Agronomy & Crop Ecology

Root growth, soil water variation, and grain yield response of winter wheat to supplemental irrigation

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Pages 193-205 | Received 09 Mar 2015, Accepted 18 Sep 2015, Published online: 09 Feb 2016

Figures & data

Figure 1. The monthly precipitation during 2012–2014, the average value during the previous 15 years (Average 15).

Figure 1. The monthly precipitation during 2012–2014, the average value during the previous 15 years (Average 15).

Table 1. Soil bulk density and soil water content of 20 cm layers in the top 0–200-cm soil profile of the experimental field.

Figure 2. The daily precipitation during the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 winter wheat growing seasons. Precipitations from July to December were not measured in 2014.

Figure 2. The daily precipitation during the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 winter wheat growing seasons. Precipitations from July to December were not measured in 2014.

Table 2. The target relative soil water content (θtr) and actual relative soil water content (θa) in the supplemental irrigation treatments (W20, W40 and W60) after jointing and anthesis in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing season, the amount of supplemental irrigation (CIR) is also indicated.

Figure 3. Responses of root weight density in the 0–100-cm soil layers to different treatments at anthesis in the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons, rainfed (W0), the soil water content before SI was monitored to depths of 20 cm (W20), 40 cm (W40) and 60 cm (W60), respectively, and bringing the soil moisture to 65% field capacity (FC) at jointing and 70% FC at anthesis. The same letter in the figure is not significant different at p = 0.05 by LSD test. Vertical bars are standard errors.

Figure 3. Responses of root weight density in the 0–100-cm soil layers to different treatments at anthesis in the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons, rainfed (W0), the soil water content before SI was monitored to depths of 20 cm (W20), 40 cm (W40) and 60 cm (W60), respectively, and bringing the soil moisture to 65% field capacity (FC) at jointing and 70% FC at anthesis. The same letter in the figure is not significant different at p = 0.05 by LSD test. Vertical bars are standard errors.

Table 3. The mean value of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction activity in 0–60-cm soil layers during grain filling of root in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons under different treatments.

Figure 4. Changes in root TTC reduction activities in the 0–60-cm soil layers after anthesis of different treatments in the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. The same letter in the figure is not significant different at p = 0.05 by LSD test. Vertical bars are standard errors.

Figure 4. Changes in root TTC reduction activities in the 0–60-cm soil layers after anthesis of different treatments in the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. The same letter in the figure is not significant different at p = 0.05 by LSD test. Vertical bars are standard errors.

Table 4. The mean values of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, soluble protein (SP) concentrations and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations of roots in 0–60 cm soil layers during grain filling under different treatments.

Figure 5. Changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, soluble protein (SP) concentration, and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutate (SOD) activities in winter wheat root at different soil layers after anthesis in different treatments in the 2013–2014 growing seasons. The same letter in the figure is not significant different at p = 0.05 by LSD test. Vertical bars are standard errors.

Figure 5. Changes in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, soluble protein (SP) concentration, and catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutate (SOD) activities in winter wheat root at different soil layers after anthesis in different treatments in the 2013–2014 growing seasons. The same letter in the figure is not significant different at p = 0.05 by LSD test. Vertical bars are standard errors.

Figure 6. Soil water content (SWC) at anthesis after SI, 20 DAA and maturity in 0–100 cm soil layers for SI treatments in the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing season. The horizontal bars are standard errors.

Figure 6. Soil water content (SWC) at anthesis after SI, 20 DAA and maturity in 0–100 cm soil layers for SI treatments in the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing season. The horizontal bars are standard errors.

Figure 7. Soil water consumption (SWU) in 0–100-cm soil layers from anthesis after SI to maturity for SI treatments in the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. The horizontal bars are standard errors.

Figure 7. Soil water consumption (SWU) in 0–100-cm soil layers from anthesis after SI to maturity for SI treatments in the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. The horizontal bars are standard errors.

Table 5. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc), grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water productivity (IWP) in 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons under different treatments.

Table 6. Correlation analysis between root weight density in different soil layers and soil water consumption (SWU) after anthesis after SI, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE), n = 24.

Table 7. Correlation analysis between root weight density (RWD), root TTC reduction activities (TTCRA), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutate (SOD) activities, soluble protein (SP) concentration, soil water consumption (SWU) from anthesis after SI to maturity, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE), n = 24.