Effect of the application of plant hormones on the formation of parthenocarpic fruits and oil production in oil palm interspecific hybrids (<i>Elaeis oleifera Cortes</i> x <i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq.)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Phenological stages (PS) for the plant hormone application and evaluation. A. PS 603 (Pre-anthesis 3). B. PS 607 (anthesis). C. 7 days after anthesis (7 daa). D. 14 days after anthesis (14 daa)

Table 1. Proportion of bunches formed from the inflorescences treated with hormones, pollen or water for the induction of parthenocarpy in the OxG hybrid

		Number of bunches
Plant Hormone	Concentration ppm (mg/L)	Formed	Bunch failures	Total	Proportion of formed bunches
Ethephon	50	8	12	20	40%
Ethephon	100	4	16	20	20%
Ethephon	200	5	15	20	25%
IAA	50	9	11	20	45%
IAA	100	8	12	20	40%
IAA	150	7	13	20	35%
2,4-D	10	16	4	20	80%
2,4-D	25	16	4	20	80%
2,4-D	50	16	4	20	80%
NAA	100	19	1	20	95%
NAA	200	19	1	20	95%
NAA	300	20	0	20	100%
AP	1:9*	20	0	20	100%
H2O	–	0	20	20	0%

Ethephon, source of ethylene; IAA, indoleacetic acid; 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; NAA, naphthalene acetic acid; AP, assisted pollination. H₂O, water solution and adjuvant.

* Pollen / talc mix ratio for assisted pollination.

Figure 2. Effect of the application of plant hormones and pollen on the formation of fruits and bunches in the OxG interspecific hybrid. IAA: Indole acetic acid. 2,4-D: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. NAA: Naphthalene acetic acid

Table 2. Bunch components in OxG hybrids treated with ethephon, IAA, 2,4-D, NAA, and assisted pollinated for the induction of parthenocarpy

Product	Concentration ppm (mg/L)	N	BW (kg)			O/B (%)			OC (kg/bunch)			O/DM (%)			F/B (%)			AWpf (g)			Fruit Set (%)
Ethephon	50	8	6.5	±	0.6	24.2	±	1.7	1.5	±	0.1	73.9	±	1.1	44.4	±	2.4	1.4	±	0.1	85.9	±	1.8
Ethephon	100	4	5.8	±	1.3	16.4	±	3.8	1.1	±	0.4	70.8	±	2.7	31.7	±	6.2	0.8	±	0.1	66.9	±	15.1
Ethephon	200	5	3.9	±	0.3	17.1	±	2.9	0.7	±	0.2	71.2	±	3.2	33.1	±	5.1	1.1	±	0.2	68.6	±	12.7
IAA	50	9	4.9	±	0.5	18.1	±	2.0	0.9	±	0.1	70.2	±	1.9	36.1	±	2.7	1.3	±	0.1	78.2	±	8.2
IAA	100	8	5.1	±	0.6	16.1	±	1.4	0.8	±	0.2	70.0	±	1.3	33.3	±	1.8	1.1	±	0.1	73.0	±	7.3
IAA	150	7	4.8	±	0.6	19.5	±	2.8	1.0	±	0.2	71.9	±	1.3	37.9	±	4.1	1.0	±	0.1	77.3	±	9.5
2,4-D	10	15	6.6	±	0.3	24.5	±	1.6	1.6	±	0.1	72.4	±	0.8	48.6	±	2.0	1.8	±	0.2	92.3	±	2.3
2,4-D	25	16	7.1	±	0.7	25.1	±	1.2	1.8	±	0.2	72.6	±	0.6	49.8	±	1.9	2.1	±	0.2	89.3	±	2.7
2,4-D	50	14	10.4	±	0.8	27.7	±	1.5	2.9	±	0.3	71.7	±	1.2	55.1	±	2.4	2.6	±	0.2	90.3	±	2.7
NAA	100	12	9.7	±	1.0	23.0	±	1.7	2.2	±	0.3	73.0	±	1.2	45.0	±	3.1	2.1	±	0.2	89.2	±	3.0
NAA	200	14	11.7	±	0.6	26.3	±	1.4	3.1	±	0.2	76.7	±	0.8	50.3	±	1.9	2.3	±	0.1	81.1	±	2.7
NAA	300	18	12.7	±	0.6	24.2	±	1.2	3.1	±	0.3	71.0	±	1.2	60.5	±	1.4	2.6	±	0.1	90.0	±	2.3
AP^a	1:9^b	17	15.9	±	1.0	24.0	±	1.0	3.8	±	0.3	70.7	±	1.6	60.8	±	1.4	2.7	±	0.3	90.5	±	3.0
LSD (0.05)	-		2.4			5.0			0.8			4.1			7.5			0.6			14.1

Ethephon, source of ethylene; IAA, indoleacetic acid; 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; NAA, naphthalene acetic acid; AP, assisted pollination

BW, bunch weight; O/B, oil/bunch; OC, oil content; O/DM, oil/dry mesocarp; F/B, fruit/bunch; AWpf, average weight parthenocarpic fruit; fruit set (%). Mean ± standard error. LSD P < 0.05, minimum significant difference.

^aFB and fruit set parameters take into account weight and number of normal fruits in assisted pollination (AP).

^bPollen / talc mix ratio for assisted pollination.

Table 3. Profile of fatty acids in oil of OxG hybrid (Coarí x La Mé) treated with ethephon, IAA, 2,4D, NAA and pollen to induce parthenocarpy

Concentration ppm (mg/l)	Concentration ppm (mg/l)	Palmitic acid C16:0 (%)			Oleic acid C18:1 (%)			Stearic acid C18:0 (%)			Linoleic acid C18:2 (%)			∑SFA			∑UFA
Ethephon	50	30.1	±	0.9	54.3	±	0.8	2.4	±	0.7	11.4	±	0.2	33.4	±	0.9	66.6	±	0.9
Ethephon	100	26.8	±	1.0	57.8	±	1.1	2.3	±	0.6	11.4	±	0.2	29.6	±	1.1	70.4	±	1.1
Ethephon	200	27.2	±	1.7	58.2	±	1.6	2.5	±	0.4	10.6	±	0.4	30.4	±	1.7	69.6	±	1.7
IAA	50	28.0	±	0.6	56.8	±	0.7	2.6	±	0.7	10.9	±	0.2	31.5	±	0.6	68.5	±	0.6
IAA	100	27.7	±	0.7	56.8	±	0.8	2.6	±	0.7	11.3	±	0.2	31.1	±	0.7	68.9	±	0.7
IAA	150	26.2	±	0.7	59.5	±	0.7	2.3	±	0.6	10.5	±	0.2	29.2	±	0.6	70.8	±	0.6
2,4-D	10	27.6	±	1.2	57.7	±	1.2	2.8	±	0.6	10.4	±	0.3	31.2	±	1.2	68.8	±	1.2
2,4-D	25	28.9	±	0.7	56.6	±	0.8	3.0	±	0.6	10.0	±	0.4	32.7	±	0.6	67.3	±	0.6
2,4-D	50	28.1	±	0.4	57.4	±	0.8	2.7	±	0.5	10.2	±	0.2	31.6	±	0.5	68.4	±	0.5
NAA	100	28.5	±	0.6	56.6	±	0.7	2.4	±	0.7	10.8	±	0.3	31.8	±	0.7	68.2	±	0.7
NAA	200	28.3	±	1.0	57.0	±	1.3	2.6	±	0.6	10.4	±	0.4	31.8	±	1.0	68.2	±	1.0
NAA	300	29.1	±	0.6	56.2	±	0.7	2.6	±	0.8	10.3	±	0.3	32.5	±	0.7	67.5	±	0.7
AP	1:9^a	29.3	±	0.5	57.0	±	0.5	2.6	±	0.9	9.2	±	0.1	32.8	±	0.5	67.2	±	0.5
L.S.D. (0.05)	-	2.8			3.0			0.5			1.0			2.8			2.8

Ethephon, source of ethylene; IAA, indoleacetic acid; 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; NAA, naphthalene acetic acid; AP, assisted pollination. SFA, total saturated fatty acids; ΣUFA, total unsaturated fatty acids. Mean ± standard error. LSD P < 0.05, minimum significant difference.

^aPollen / talc mix ratio for assisted pollination.