Experimental study on strength and endurance performance of burnt clay bricks incorporating marble waste

Figures & data

Figure 1. The raw material used in the study: (a) natural clay; (b) waste marble powder.

Table 1. Specimen ID and number of brick specimens prepared.

Specimen ID	C	WMP3	WMP6	WMP9	WMP12	WMP15
Clay (%)	100	97	94	91	88	85
Waste Marble Powder (%)	0	3	6	9	12	15
No. of Specimens	50	50	50	50	50	50

Where “C” is the Control specimen, and “WMP” is Waste Marble Powder.

Figure 2. The procedure of mixture preparation.

Figure 3. The procedure of brick casting.

Figure 4. Marking and shifting & stacking of bricks in the kiln.

Figure 5. Process of burning bricks in kiln and temperature measurement.

Table 2. Chemical analysis of raw materials of brick specimens.

Chemical Components	Clay	Waste Marble Powder
CaO (%)	2.68	43.89
MgO (%)	1.22	2.01
SiO2 (%)	81.3	12.17
SO3 (%)	1.17	2.15
Al2O3 (%)	5.43	0.64
Fe2O3 (%)	3.18	0.21
Cr2O3 (%)	0.006	0.0011
LOI (%)	2.15	37.69
Cl (%)	0.011	0.0018
K2O (%)	1.92	0.428
Na2O (%)	0.065	0.532

Figure 6. XRD pattern of clay.

Figure 7. XRD pattern of waste marble powder.

Figure 8. Particle size distribution for clay and waste marble powder.

Figure 9. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of (a) Clay; (b) WMP.

Figure 10. (a) Weight per unit area of bricks incorporating WMP; (b) weighing of dry brick.

Figure 11. The specific gravity of bricks incorporating WMP.

Figure 12. Effect of WMP on compressive strength of bricks: (a) effect of WMP on compressive strength; (b) relationship between compressive strength and apparent porosity.

Figure 13. (a) Modulus of rupture for brick specimens incorporating WMP; (b) test arrangement.

Figure 14. (a) Apparent porosity results for bricks incorporating WMP; (b) brick samples for measuring porosity; (c) arrangement for porosity test.

Figure 15. Effect of WMP on water absorption of brick: (a) effect of WMP on water absorption; (b) relationship between water absorption and apparent porosity.

Figure 16. Initial rate of water absorption for tested bricks.

Figure 17. Effect of efflorescence on bricks: (a) after 45 days, (b) with 15% WMP.

Figure 18. Freeze-thaw results for bricks incorporating WMP: (a) mass loss attributable to freeze-thaw after 50 cycles; (b) effect of freeze-thaw cycles on mass loss.

Figure 19. (a) Bricks during the freeze-thaw test; (b) bricks after freeze and thaw test.

Figure 20. (a) Loss in strength and weight gain due to sulfate attack in brick specimens; (b) brick specimens immersed in sulfate solution.

Figure 21. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test for bricks incorporating WMP.