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Architectural History and Theory

Mitchell’s Building Construction goes to China: the impact of British Polytechnics, construction teaching and construction textbooks in Shanghai (1870-1937)

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Pages 155-174 | Received 08 Apr 2021, Accepted 12 Feb 2022, Published online: 29 Mar 2022

Figures & data

Figure 1. C. F. Mitchell in 1916. (Source: Polytechnic Magazine, Feb. 1916, p.39)

Figure 1. C. F. Mitchell in 1916. (Source: Polytechnic Magazine, Feb. 1916, p.39)

Figure 2. Mitchell’s family tree (drawn by the authors) .

Figure 2. Mitchell’s family tree (drawn by the authors) .

Figure 3. Development of Mitchell’s building construction books (drawn by the authors).

Figure 3. Development of Mitchell’s building construction books (drawn by the authors).

Figure 4. John Fryer’s Chinese article titled “Western Brickmaking Methods”. (Source: .Xu et al. (Citation1901)

Figure 4. John Fryer’s Chinese article titled “Western Brickmaking Methods”. (Source: .Xu et al. (Citation1901)

Figure 5. Alfred Emms’s drawings of Woodworking tools of Shanghai, 1937 (Source: Emms Citation1937, compiled by author).

Key: 1. smoothing plane; 2. bench plane; 3. round sole plane; 4. grooving plane; 5, 5’&5”: hollow and round planes; 6. moulding planes; 7&7’: rebate plane; 8. square plane; 9. rebate plane; 10&10’: a special plane made on site; 11&11’: ovolo plane; 12, 12’, 12”, 13, 13’ &13”: two special grooving planes for making joint A; 14&14’: spokeshave; 15&15’: bench scraper; 16. frame saw, made in four sizes, namely 30 in, 26 in, 18 in and 14 in length of blade, but the size and cut of the teeth are the same in each case; 17. small bench saw; 18&18’: Chinese carpenter’s axe; 19. Chinese brace (pump drill); 20&20’: two types of bits used by the Chinese craftsman; 21. socket chisel; 22. socket chisel; 23. paring chisel; 24&24’:chalk line and plumb line. A. a common method of jointing pieces of timber together and yet allowing them freedom of movement to slide in Shanghai. B. three stages of making joint A.
Figure 5. Alfred Emms’s drawings of Woodworking tools of Shanghai, 1937 (Source: Emms Citation1937, compiled by author).

Figure 6. Technical terms on Masonry highlighted in italic in Mitchell’s textbook (Mitchell et al. Citation1926).

Figure 6. Technical terms on Masonry highlighted in italic in Mitchell’s textbook (Mitchell et al. Citation1926).

Table 1. Translation of Mitchell’s technical terms in Du’s Dictionary and in the Masonry chapter in Du’s Yingzao Xue.

Figure 7. An illustration in Du’s Dictionary (1936a) copying one from Mitchell’s textbook (see ) with the annotations still in English.

Figure 7. An illustration in Du’s Dictionary (1936a) copying one from Mitchell’s textbook (see Fig. 8–9) with the annotations still in English.

Figure 8. Illustrations about masonry on page 137 of the Building Construction and Drawing (Mitchell et al., 1926: 137) .

Figure 8. Illustrations about masonry on page 137 of the Building Construction and Drawing (Mitchell et al., 1926: 137) .

Figure 09. Illustration about masonry in Yingzao Xue. (Source: Du Citation1936b, 36).

Figure 09. Illustration about masonry in Yingzao Xue. (Source: Du Citation1936b, 36).

Figure 10. Illustrations about the stability of walls by Rondelet (Citation1828) (top), Gwilt (Citation1842) (middle), and Zhang (Citation1910) (bottom) .

Figure 10. Illustrations about the stability of walls by Rondelet (Citation1828) (top), Gwilt (Citation1842) (middle), and Zhang (Citation1910) (bottom) .

Figure 11. The diagram shows Du’s planning of Yingzao Xue and its reference to Building Construction and Drawing. (Drawing by author).

Figure 11. The diagram shows Du’s planning of Yingzao Xue and its reference to Building Construction and Drawing. (Drawing by author).

Figure 12. Illustration of Song style and Qing style xumizuo in Yingzao Xue (Du Citation1936c, 25), which is an identical copy of Sicheng Liang’s drawings.

Figure 12. Illustration of Song style and Qing style xumizuo in Yingzao Xue (Du Citation1936c, 25), which is an identical copy of Sicheng Liang’s drawings.

Figure 13. Xumizuo in Y.W.C.A. Building, built in 1933 Shanghai. (photos: author, 2014).

Figure 13. Xumizuo in Y.W.C.A. Building, built in 1933 Shanghai. (photos: author, 2014).