Housing satisfaction and improvement demand considering housing lifestyles of young residents in public rental housing

Figures & data

Figure 1. Examples of Happy Houses.

*Source: Happy House pamphlet of Paju Unjeong District Sannae Village (Land and Corporation 2022b)

Table 1. References for developing the housing lifestyle items.

Classification	Item		Lee et al. (2007)	Kwon et al. (2016)	Moon et al. (2019)	Kim and Jang (2021)
Activity	1	I frequently study or work at home.	●	●	●	●
	2	I frequently watch movies or listen to music at home.	●	●	●	●
	3	I frequently enjoy leisure activities, including exercise or creative activities at home.	●	●	●	●
	4	I frequently invite family members or guests home.	●			●
	5	I generally cook my meals at home.	●	●		●
	6	I generally have takeout or deliveries to eat at home.	●	●		●
	7	I frequently take baths in the tub.	●			●
	8	I generally shop online.		●		●
Interest and Opinion	1	I want a house that is easy to keep clean.	●	●		●
	2	I want a house where I can rest comfortably.	●
	3	For me, a house is just a place to sleep.	●		●
	4	I want to live in a beautiful house.	●	●		●
	5	I want a house where I can spend time with my family and friends.	●	●		●
	6	My opinion is the most important when making decisions related to the house.	●
	7	I want a house where I can decorate and place furniture as I wish.	●	●	●	●
	8	My house should have the latest technology.	●	●	●
	9	I want a house where I will not be distracted by neighbors.	●	●
	10	I consider long-term plans (marriage, childbirth, etc.) as well as the present conditions for my house.	●	●	●
	11	I want a house with good security conditions where I can feel safe.	●	●	●
	12	I want a house where it is easy to engage with neighbors.	●	●		●
	13	I am interested in keeping the internal environment clean.	●	●	●
	14	I want a house where I can live with an animal.			●	●
	15	I want a house where I can grow plants.				●

Table 2. Composition of the questionnaire.

General Characteristics (6)	Sociodemographic Characteristics (5)	Age of the Householder/Sex of the Householder/Occupation of the Householder/Number of People in the Household/Household Type
	Economic Characteristics (1)	Average monthly income
Characteristics of the House (4)		Region/Size/Number of Rooms/Number of Bathrooms/Length of Residence
Housing Satisfaction * (5)		Room Composition (Type and number)/Usable area per room/Basic options/Interior design/General satisfaction
Demands for Improvements in Housing Environment * (5)		Room Composition (Type and number)/Usable area per room/Basic options/Interior design/General demands/Detailed demands

*Based on a 5-point Likert scale (1 (Highly disagree) − 5 (Highly agree))

Table 3. General characteristics of the participants.

				(N=536)
Classification				f(%)/M(SD)
Sociodemographic Characteristics	Householder	Sex	Male	226 (42.2)
			Female	310 (57.8)
		Age	Younger than 30	261 (48.7)
			30 or over	275 (51.3)
			Average (age)	30.19 (4.77)
		Education Level	High school graduate	66 (12.3)
			2-year or 4-year university graduate	411 (76.7)
			Master’s or Ph.D.	59 (11.0)
		Occupation	Office worker/Entrepreneur/Self-employed	468 (87.3)
			Student	25 (4.7)
			Unemployed	43 (8.0)
	Number of people in the household		1	328 (61.2)
			2	179 (33.4)
			3 or more	29 (5.4)
			Average (people)	1.45 (0.61)
	Household Type		1-person household	328 (61.2)
			Couple with no children	138 (25.7)
			Couple with children	26 (4.9)
			Other	44 (8.2)
Economic Characteristics^a	Average Monthly Income^b (KRW 10,000)		− 299 (1-person household)	288 (53.7)
			299–456 (2-people household)	147 (27.4)
			456- (3±people household)	89 (16.6)
			Average (KRW 10,000)	316.25(160.37)

^aOnly valid responses were analyzed.

^bClassified according to the average monthly income levels of workers in the city in 2021

Table 4. Characteristics of the current houses of the participants.

			(N=536)
Classification			f(%)/M(SD)
Housing-related Characteristics	Region	Greater Seoul region	318 (59.3)
		Metropolitan cities/Sejong	109 (20.3)
		Other regions	109 (20.3)
	Size (m^2) ^a	Smaller than 26 (1-person household)	92 (17.2)
		26 – less than 36 (2-people household)	115 (21.5)
		36 or larger (3±people household)	320 (59.7)
		Average	33.02 (9.48)
	Number of Rooms ^a	1 (Studio-type)	188 (35.7)
		2	184 (35.0)
		3	154 (29.3)
		Average	1.94 (0.82)
	Number of Bathrooms	1	528 (98.5)
		2	8 (1.5)
	Length of Residence ^a	1 year or less	304 (58.5)
		More than 1 year, less than 2 years	190 (36.5)
		More than 2 years	26 (5.0)
		Average	11.74 (7.83)

a Only valid responses were analyzed.

Table 5. Analysis of housing lifestyle.

			(N=536)
Classification		Lifestyle Items	Average*	STD
Activity	1	I frequently study or work at home.	2.87	1.34
	2	I frequently watch movies or listen to music at home.	4.12	1.01
	3	I frequently enjoy leisure activities, including exercise or creative activities at home.	2.80	1.32
	4	I frequently invite family members or guests home.	2.68	1.28
	5	I generally cook my meals at home.	3.50	1.18
	6	I generally have takeout or deliveries to eat at home.	3.11	1.17
	7	I frequently take baths in the tub.	1.50	1.08
	8	I generally shop online.	4.28	0.94
Interest and Opinion	1	I want a house that is easy to keep clean.	4.81	0.47
	2	I want a house where I can rest comfortably.	4.89	0.37
	3	For me, a house is just a place to sleep.	4.00	1.10
	4	I want to live in a beautiful house.	4.47	0.84
	5	I want a house where I can spend time with my family and friends.	4.21	1.02
	6	My opinion is the most important when making decisions related to the house.	4.30	0.98
	7	I want a house where I can decorate and place furniture as I wish.	4.57	0.74
	8	My house should have the latest technology.	3.96	1.11
	9	I want a house where I will not be distracted by neighbors.	4.86	0.49
	10	I consider long-term plans (marriage, childbirth, etc.) as well as the present conditions for my house.	4.30	1.08
	11	I want a house with good security conditions where I can feel safe.	4.81	0.54
	12	I want a house where it is easy to engage with neighbors.	2.64	1.20
	13	I am interested in keeping the internal environment clean.	4.71	0.59
	14	I want a house where I can live with an animal.	3.23	1.57
	15	I want a house where I can grow plants.	3.78	1.30

※ Shaded items are deleted items as a certain response had a concentration level that exceeds 70%.

Table 6. Analysis of housing lifestyle factors.

Lifestyle Items	Commonality	Factors
		Basic Living	Engagement Activities	Home Styling	Leisure Activity	Living with Companions
I generally have takeout or deliveries to eat at home.	0.741	0.856	−0.011	−0.030	−0.060	0.059
I generally cook my meals at home.	0.711	0.796	0.089	−0.117	0.191	0.140
For me, a house is just a place to sleep.	0.516	0.591	0.018	0.334	0.116	−0.205
I want a house where I can spend time with my family and friends.	0.690	−0.002	0.762	0.261	0.200	−0.035
I consider long-term plans (marriage, childbirth, etc.) as well as the present conditions for my house.	0.497	0.098	0.683	0.097	−0.095	−0.058
I want a house where it is easy to engage with neighbors.	0.533	−0.068	0.599	−0.183	0.021	0.370
I want a house where I can decorate and place furniture as I wish.	0.670	0.060	0.215	0.775	−0.002	0.141
My opinion is the most important when making decisions related to the house.	0.640	−0.116	−0.158	0.729	0.240	0.112
I want to live in a beautiful house.	0.552	0.125	0.440	0.581	−0.017	−0.077
I frequently watch movies or listen to music at home.	0.529	0.096	−0.060	0.139	0.704	−0.029
I frequently invite family members or guests home.	0.643	−0.126	0.371	−0.084	0.693	−0.047
I frequently enjoy leisure activities, including exercise or creative activities at home.	0.545	0.255	−0.106	0.126	0.622	0.257
I want a house where I can live with an animal.	0.618	−0.116	−0.017	0.086	0.096	0.767
I want a house where I can grow plants.	0.615	0.232	0.202	0.093	−0.018	0.715
Eigen Value		1.920	1.872	1.765	1.533	1.412
Common Variance		13.712	13.369	12.606	10.952	10.087
Cumulative Variance		13.712	27.081	39.687	50.639	60.726
KMO=0.653/BARTLETT=1,257.916***

***P<0.001.

Table 7. Analysis of standardized scores of each factor by clusters.

Classification	Cluster 1 (n=126)	Cluster 2 (n=106)	Cluster 3 (n=108)	Cluster 4 (n=109)	Cluster 5 (n=87)	F
	Actively Using Cluster	Self-Expression Cluster	Personal Activity Cluster	Engagement-Focused Cluster	Minimally Using Cluster
Basic Living	0.49957	−0.73285	0.79460	−0.39782	−0.31860	68.813***
Engagement Activities	0.72016	0.00928	−1.01366	0.61360	−0.56472	112.245***
Home Styling	0.03258	0.52396	0.53817	0.20796	−1.61432	159.474***
Leisure Activity	0.74520	0.03406	−0.06533	−0.79292	−0.04623	46.720***
Living with Companions	0.05975	−1.06921	0.76360	0.76360	−0.03617	73.964***

***p<0.001.

Table 8. General characteristics by housing lifestyle cluster.

Classification		Housing Lifestyle Cluster					χ^2
		Actively Using Cluster (126)	Self-Expression Cluster (106)	Personal Activity Cluster (108)	Engagement-Focused Cluster (109)	Minimally Using Cluster (87)
Householder’s Sex	Male	57 (45.2)	35 (33.0)	34 (31.5)	51 (46.8)	49 (56.3)	17.285**
	Female	69 (54.8)	71 (67.0)	74 (68.5)	58 (53.2)	38 (43.7)
Householder’s Age	Younger than 30	66 (52.4)	50 (47.2)	51 (47.2)	52 (47.7)	42 (48.3)	0.926 ^n.s.
	30 or over	60 (47.6)	56 (52.8)	57 (52.8)	57 (52.3)	45 (51.7)
Householder’s Education Level	High school graduate	13 (10.3)	18 (17.0)	13 (12.0)	11 (10.1)	11 (12.6)	6.642 ^n.s.
	2-year or 4-year university graduate	98 (77.8)	76 (71.7)	80 (74.1)	86 (78.9)	71 (81.6)
	Master’s or Ph.D.	15 (11.9)	12 (11.3)	15 (13.9)	12 (11.0)	5 (5.7)
Householder’s Occupation	Office worker/Entrepreneur/Self-employed	109 (86.5)	91 (85.8)	87 (80.6)	99 (90.8)	82 (94.3)	16.905*
	Student	8 (6.3)	8 (7.5)	7 (6.5)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.3)
	Unemployed	9 (7.1)	7 (6.6)	14 (13.0)	10 (9.2)	3 (3.4)
No. of Family members	1	67 (53.2)	77 (72.6)	76 (70.4)	58 (53.2)	50 (57.5)	21.718*
	2	47 (37.3)	26 (24.5)	31 (28.7)	43 (39.4)	32 (36.8)
	3 or more	12 (9.5)	3 (2.8)	1 (0.9)	8 (7.3)	5 (5.7)
Household Type	1-person household	67 (53.2)	77 (72.6)	76 (70.4)	58 (53.2)	50 (57.5)	30.900**
	Couple with no children	38 (30.2)	19 (17.9)	19 (17.6)	34 (31.2)	28 (32.2)
	Couple with children	12 (9.5)	3 (2.8)	0 (0.0)	7 (6.4)	4 (4.6)
	Other	9 (7.1)	7 (6.6)	13 (12.0)	10 (9.2)	5 (5.7)
Average Monthly Income^a (KRW 10,000)	− 299 (1-person household)	59 (48.4)	62 (59.0)	71 (68.9)	52 (48.6)	44 (50.6)	20.201*
	299–456 (2-people household)	34 (27.9)	29 (27.6)	26 (25.2)	34 (31.8)	24 (27.6)
	456- (3±people household)	29 (23.8)	14 (13.3)	6 (5.8)	21 (19.6)	19 (21.8)

*p<0.05, **p<0.01, n.s. not significant.

Table 9. Characteristics of the current houses by housing lifestyle cluster.

Classification		Housing Lifestyle Cluster					χ^2
		Actively Using Cluster (126)	Self-Expression Cluster (106)	Personal Activity Cluster (108)	Engagement-Focused Cluster (109)	Minimally Using Cluster (87)
Region	Greater Seoul region	80 (63.5)	49 (46.2)	69 (63.9)	67 (61.5)	53 (60.9)	17.856*
	Metropolitan cities/Sejong	24 (19.0)	35 (33.0)	19 (17.6)	20 (18.3)	11 (12.6)
	Other regions	22 (17.5)	22 (20.8)	20 (18.5)	22 (20.2)	23 (26.4)
Size (m^2) ^a	Smaller than 26 (1-person household)	12 (9.5)	24 (24.0)	28 (25.9)	17 (15.9)	11 (12.8)	19.010*
	26 – less than 36 (2-people household)	28 (22.2)	26 (26.0)	23 (21.3)	20 (18.7)	18 (20.9)
	36 or larger (3±people household)	86 (68.3)	50 (50.0)	57 (52.8)	70 (65.4)	57 (66.3)
Number of Rooms ^a	1 (Studio-type)	35 (28.0)	48 (45.3)	46 (43.4)	34 (33.0)	25 (29.1)	20.194*
	2	41 (32.8)	36 (34.0)	28 (26.4)	43 (41.7)	36 (41.9)
	3	49 (39.2)	22 (20.8)	32 (30.2)	26 (25.2)	25 (29.1)
Number of Bathrooms	1	126 (100.0)	106 (100.0)	106 (98.1)	105 (96.3)	85 (97.7)	7.509 ^n.s.
	2	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (1.9)	4 (3.7)	2 (2.3)
Length of Residence ^a	1 year or less	66 (53.7)	61 (59.8)	70 (66.7)	59 (55.7)	48 (57.1)	6.107 ^n.s.
	More than 1 year, less than 2 years	51 (41.5)	37 (36.3)	31 (29.5)	39 (36.8)	32 (38.1)
	More than 2 years	6 (4.9)	4 (3.9)	4 (3.8)	8 (7.5)	4 (4.8)

*p<0.05, n.s. not significant.

^aOnly valid responses were analyzed.

Table 10. Differences in satisfaction in the current houses by housing lifestyle.

Classification	Housing Lifestyle Cluster					F
	Actively Using Cluster (126)	Self-Expression Cluster (106)	Personal Activity Cluster (108)	Engagement-Focused Cluster (109)	Minimally Using Cluster (87)
Overall Satisfaction with Housing	3.54b	3.43ab	3.62b	3.27a	3.52ab	2.291 ^n.s.
Satisfaction with Housing Composition (no. of rooms, layout, etc.)	3.39bc	3.15ab	3.61c	3.02a	3.37bc	5.616***
Satisfaction with Housing Size	2.99ab	2.81a	3.26b	2.81a	3.24b	3.557**
Satisfaction on Housing Basic built-in equipment, furniture, and home appliances	2.62a	2.63a	2.94ab	2.70a	3.09b	3.573**
Satisfaction with Housing Interior Design	3.17a	3.39a	3.43a	3.14a	3.31a	1.733^n.s.

**p<0.01, ***p<0.001, n.s. not significant.

Table 11. Differences in the demands for improvements in the housing environment by housing lifestyle cluster.

Classification	Housing Lifestyle Cluster					F
	Actively Using Cluster (126)	Self-Expression Cluster (106)	Personal Activity Cluster (108)	Engagement-Focused Cluster (109)	Minimally Using Cluster (87)
Overall Demand for Housing	3.56b	3.40b	3.33ab	3.38b	3.13a	3.746**
Demand on Housing Composition (no. of rooms, layout, etc.)	3.52b	3.32ab	3.13a	3.57b	3.00a	4.142**
Demand for Housing Size	3.75b	3.79b	3.62ab	3.54ab	3.33a	2.635*
Demand for Housing Basic built-in equipment, furniture, and home appliances	3.69c	3.65bc	3.24a	3.35ab	3.33ab	3.680**
Demand for Housing Interior Design	3.27b	2.85a	3.31b	3.07ab	2.85a	3.207*

*p<0.05, **p<0.01.

Land, Korea, and Housing Corporation. 2022b. Tenant recruitment notice of Paju Unjeong District Sannae Village Happy House. Available from: https://www.myhome.go.kr/hws/portal/sch/selectRsdtRcritNtcView.do [Accessed 10th November, 2022].

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