The practice of shading in tropical architecture:Le Corbusier’s Legacy and Hsia Changshi’s Exploration

Figures & data

Figure 1. Le Corbusier's shading scheme in Africa.

1)Model of Algiers rental apartment,1933 (Source: Boesiger 1995b vol 2:154).

2)The facade and shading diagram of the main building of the commercial office in Marin District,1942 (Source: Boesiger 1995 vol 3:52-53)

Figure 2. Details of shading design in the Ministry of Education and Health.

1)Lucio Costa, drawing of the daily path of the sun in relationship to the louver system and the daylight conditions of the interior of the Ministry of Education and Health(Source: Barber 2020, 69).

2)Louvers and louver-adjustment system at the Ministry of Education and Health(Source: Barber 2020:70-71).

Figure 3. Shading practice in modern architecture in Brazil.

1)Ministry of Education and Health，1936. (Source: Mindlin and Giedion 1956, 197).

2)Marcelo and Milton Roberto, ABI building,Rio de Janeiro, 1936–9(Source: Williams 2009:13).

3)South wing superquadra blocks,Brasília,c.1957–60 (Source: Williams 2009:118)

Figure 4. A section of Le Corbusier’s “canopy” form.

1）High court，Chandigarh，1952. (Source: Boesiger 1995a vol 6:62).

2）The governor’s palace，Chandigarh，1951. (Source: Boesiger Boesiger 1995b vol 6:107).

3) Shodhan House, Ahmedabad ,1956. (Source: Boesiger 1995 vol 6:140).

4) The Merchants of Ahmedabad,1954. (Source: Boesiger 1995 vol 6:152).

5) Centre Le Corbusier,La Maison de I’Homme，1967. (Source: Boesiger 1971:288).

Figure 5. Le Corbusier's shading practice in India.

1) Manuscript of Chandigarh Capitol (Source: Boesiger 1995 vol 6:95).

2) 3rd Floor Plan of the Merchants of Ahmedabad (Source: Boesiger 1995 vol 6:150).

3)South-North Section(Source: Boesiger 1995 vol 6:153).

4)Shade frame on the east side.(Source:Curtis 1986:207).

Table 1. Two types of architectural shading design by Le Corbusier.

Brise soleil	Immeuble Villas	Algiers rental apartment	the commercial office	United’ Habitation	Secretariat Building	the Merchants of Ahmedabad
Canopy	Villa Carthage	Maisons Jaoul	Villa Shodhan	High court	the governor’s palace	the Merchants of Ahmedabad

Source: Drawn by the author.

Figure 6. Global tropical architecture practices after the 1950s.

Figure 7. South China University of Technology library materials.

1) Comparison of library facade design,1936（Yang Xizong) vs1951（Hisa Changshi) (Source: Song and Minghua 2013, 42).

2) North Facade，1951（Hisa Changshi) (Source: Song and Minghua 2013, 41).

3) Status West Façade（SCUT) (Source: Song and Jansong 2013, 43).

Figure 8. Hisa Changshi's architectural shading practice.

1) Facade of biochemical building of Zhongshan Medical College（Hisa Changshi) (Source: Shi 2010:81).

2) Concrete sunshade and vault insulation for the main building of Zhongshan Medical College（Hisa Changshi)(Source: Anhai 2010, 81).

3) Large sample drawing of arched insulation layer of chemical building of SCUT（Hisa Changshi) (Source: Anhai 2010, 80).

Table 2. Comparison of Facade Components of “Hsia’s Shading”.

shade form	Mesh integrated	horizontal	longitudinal frame	pendant	individual synthesis
Structural diagram
overall appearance
name	Biochemical Building of Zhongshan Medical College	the Drug Building of Zhongshan Medical College	pathological anatomy building of Zhongshan Medical College	chemical engineering building of SCUT	chemical engineering building of SCUT

Source: Drawn by the author.

Figure 9. The practice of Lingnan architecture in Mo Bozhi and She Junnan.

1) Panxi Restaurant,1961 (Mo Bozhi).

2) South Garden Restaurant,1962 (Mo Bozhi).

3) Mineral Spring Guest House,1976 (Mo Bozhi), (Source: Drawn by the author).

Figure 10. The change of environmental regulation mode of Lingnan Building Atrium.

1) Cutaway perspective of the atrium of Baiyun Hotel, 1976（Lin Zhaozhang) (Source:Zhaozhang 1997, 12–13).

2) Cutaway perspective of the atrium of the White Swan Hotel, 1983) Lin Zhaozhang) (Source:Zhaozhang 1997, 31).

Here is a list of Le Corbusier's important works:

Title	Type	Time
Étude sur le mouvement d’art décoratif en Allemagne	Article	1912
Après le Cubisme	Article	1918
Vers une architecture	Book	1923
Urbanisme	Book	1924
L’Art décoratif d’aujourd’hui	Book	1925
Almanach d’Architecture Moderne	Book	1925
Une Maison – Un Palais	Book	1928
Requête adressée par MM. Le Corbusier et P. Jeanneret à M. le Président et à MM. les membres du Conseil de la Société des Nations	Letter	1928
Précisions sur un état présent de l’architecture et de l’urbanisme	Report	1928
La Ville radieuse	Book	1935
Les Tendances de l’architecture rationaliste en rapport avec la collaboration de la peinture et de la sculpture	Article	1937
Geille CIAM d’urbanisme: Mise en application de la charte d’Athènes	Report	1941
Les Constructions “Murondins”	Book	1942
Entretien avec les étudiants des écoles d’architecture	Book	1943
Manière de penser l’urbanisme	Book	1946
Le Modulor I	Book	1950
Le poème de l’angle droit	Book	1955
Textes et dessins pour Ronchamp	Book	1965

Boesiger, W. 1995b. “Le Corbusier - Œuvre complète.” 3: 1965–1969–5352–53. Birkhäuser Architecture.

 Google Scholar

Barber, D. A. 2020. Modern Architecture and Climate: Design before Air Conditioning. Princeton University Press.

 Google Scholar

Mindlin, H. E., and S. Giedion. 1956. Modern Architecture in Brazil. New York: The USA and Canada reinhold publishing corporation.

 Google Scholar

Williams, R. J. 2009. “Brazil: Modern Architectures in History. Reaktion Books.”

 Google Scholar

Boesiger, W. 1995a. “Le Corbusier - Œuvre complète.” 2: 1929–1934. Birkhäuser Architecture:154.

 Google Scholar

Song, S., and S. Minghua. 2013.Lingnan Modern Architecture [M]. South China University of Technology Press.

 Google Scholar

Song, S., and Q. Jansong. 2013.Lingnan Modern Architecture,1949-1979[M]. South China University of Technology Press.

 Google Scholar

Anhai, S. 2010.Outstanding Modern Architecture in Lingnan. Volume 1949～1990 [M]. China Architecture and Construction Press:80–81.

 Google Scholar

Zhaozhang, L. 1997. Manuscript of Lin Zhaozhang’s Architectural Creation. International Culture Publishing Company.

 Google Scholar