Built environment transformation in Nigeria: the effects of a regenerative framework

Figures & data

Table 1. Several indicators of Nigeria’s urban and population growth.

Variables	Specifics	Rate
Land use	Deforestation	4000 km^2/year
	Reforestation	10 km^2/year
	Forested area (2008)	10.8%
Urban population	Annual growth	3.8%
	Urban population in 2004, 2010	45%, 48.9%
Rural population	Annual growth	1.8%
Total population	Population density in 2004, 2009	137.6, 167.5 persons/km^2
	Annual growth	2.5%
Total fossil fuel emissions	1951	460,000 tonnes
	1980	18,586,000 tonnes
	2008	26,113,000 tonnes

Source: United Nations Statistics Division (2013), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre (2012).

Figure 1. Respondents’ demographics. Source: Authors’ compilation.

Table 2. Respondents’ Rating of the Predictors of Climate Change in the Built Environment.

Variables	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation
1) Climate change manifests through Land-degradation (flood erosion)	235	1.00	5.00	4.2576	.52347
2) Climate change manifests through Biodiversity loss	235	1.00	5.00	4.2300	.26048
3) Climate change manifests through pollution (land, air & water)	235	1.00	5.00	4.0775	.59466
4) Climate change manifests through Drought (water shortage)	235	1.00	5.00	4.0425	.52812
5) Climate change manifests through Deforestation/Desertification	235	1.00	5.00	4.0875	.46955
6) Climate change manifest through Urbanization	235	1.00	5.00	4.1075	.63481
7) Climate change manifests through Stratospheric ozone depletion	235	1.00	5.00	3.0800	.57380
8) Climate change manifests through Health challenges	235	1.00	5.00	3.8450	.59477
9) Climate change manifests through Population growth	235	1.00	5.00	4.0925	.74201
10) Climate change manifests through Transport disruption	235	1.00	5.00	3.6750	.64001

Table 3. Respondents’ Rating of Negative Impacts of Environmental Issues on effects on Inhabitants’ Health.

Variables	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation
1) Increase in Air pollution-related health effects	265	1.00	5.00	4.8130	.55317
2) Increase in Temperature-related health effects	235	1.00	5.00	4.8550	.52690
3) Increase in Mental-related infected infectious diseases	235	1.00	5.00	4.9404	.23726
4) Increase in Nutritional infectious diseases	235	1.00	5.00	4.8347	.41503
5) Increase in Water and foot Borne related diseases	235	1.00	5.00	4.7586	.70005
6) Increase in shortage of food production	235	1.00	5.00	3.8218	.60409
7) Increase in the Poverty/low level of economic activities	235	1.00	5.00	3.8519	.51919
8) Displacement and Forced Migration		1.00	5.00	3.8727	.42299

Table 4. Regression Analysis of features of Negative Impacts of Climate change on Inhabitants’ Health.

Model		Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t-value	Sig. value
		B	Std. error	Beta
1	(constant)	.035	.076		0.214	.312
	Increase in Air pollution-related health effects	.688	.057	.683	8.652	.004
	An increase in Temperature-related health effects	.686	.048	.607	7.581	.000
	Increase in Mental-related health effects	.601	.051	.406	9.522	.000
	Increase in Nutritional infectious-health-related effects	.427	.066	.481	9.833	.000
	Increase in Water and foot Borne related health effects	.431	.059	.434	12.572	.000
	Increase in shortage of food production	.428	.053	.367	12.876	.000
	Increase in Poverty/low level of economic activities	.410	.062	.389	11.768	.000
	Displacement and Forced Migration	.698	.056	.387	12.536	.000

Note: a.Dependent Variable: Opinions of the Public space Inhabitants.

Table 5. The Principal Components analysis for the Respondents’ Demographic data and Climate change Indicators.

Variables	Components
	1	2	3	4
Education level	0.765
Gender	0.743
Age	0.702
Career backgrounds	0.789
Environmentalists	0.754
Educationalists	0.756
Meteorologists	0.659
Designers	0.786
Agriculturists	0.739
Years of residency	0.799
Land-degradation (floor/erosion)		0.786
Biodiversity loss		0.729
Pollution (land, air & water)		0.779
Drought			0.761
Deforestation/Desertification			0.793
Urbanization			0.726
Stratospheric ozone depletion				0.704
Health challenges				0.733
Population growth				0.761
% the variance explained	26.45	21.22	18.63	20.69

Table 6. Regression of Respondents’ Rating of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies on Regenerative Built Environment.

	Standardized Coefficients
Independent predictors	Beta coefficients	Estimate of Standard error	df	Frequency (f)	Sig. p
Religious affiliation	0.041	0.014	1	1.743	0.175
Gender	0.016	0.019	2	1.713	0.210
Age	0.327	0.015	2	3.177	0.002^*
Marital status	0.013	0.017	2	1.899	0.282
Years of residency	0.003	0.016	2	4.039	0.001^*
Employment status	0.128	0.015	2	3.279	0.008^*
Ethnic background	0.022	0.016	1	1.899	0.189
Highest educational qualification	0.120	0.025	3	3.743	0.002^*
Environmentalists	0.136	0.019	3	5.040	0.007^*
Educationalists	0.230	0.015	2	4.533	0.009^*
Meteorologists	0.247	0.019	2	4.437	0.002^*
Designers	0.128	0.036	4	4.345	0.006^*
Agriculturists	0.232	0.023	2	5.001	0.004^*
Awareness of Climate Change	0.204	0.009	1	3.230	0.012^*
Creating a green functional green space	0.436	0.016	1	5.207	0.003^*
Planting Native species	0.499	0.025	5	4.899	0.001^*
Establishing City’s tree canopy	0.467	0.203	4	5.492	0.000^*
Creating a healthy watershed	0.314	0.030	3	6.954	0.000^*
Smart landscaping approach	0.388	0.211	3	4.254	0.000^*
Rendering Biophilic approach	0.494	0.014	1	5.743	0.006^*

Note: ^*Significant predictors (p ≤ 0.05).

United Nations Statistics Division. 2013. Nigeria. World Statistics Pocketbook , Country Profile. Data.Un.org/CountryProfile.Aspx? crName Nigeria.United.

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Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre. 2012. National CO2 Emission from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring, World Resources 2000– 2001. Sage Open Publishers: United States Department of Energy.

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