The regulation of mechanical properties and freeze-thaw properties of concrete hollow block with granite waste

Figures & data

Figure 1. The different types of granite waste: (a) the granite waste of Baotianman Stone Co., LTD.;(b) the small gravel with a diameter between 5mm to 10mm;(c) granite powder.

Table 1. Physical property index of coarse aggregates of granite waste.

Performance Index	Numerical Value
Apparent density(kg/m3)	2750
Bulk density(kg/m3)	1338
Void ratio(%)	51.30
24h Hours absorption rate(%)	0.29
Moisture content(%)	0.10

Table 2. Orthogonal test factor levels.

Factors	A	B	C
	Water–binder ratio	Cement content(kg/m^3)	Powder slag ratio(%)
I	0.50	340	5
II	0.55	360	10
III	0.60	380	15

Table 3. The experiment arrangement according to L₉(3⁴) orthogonal table.

Experiment number	A	B	C
	Water–binder ratio	Cement content(kg/m^3)	Powder slag ratio(%)
N1	0.50	340	5
N2	0.55	360	10
N3	0.60	380	15
N4	0.55	340	10
N5	0.55	360	15
N6	0.55	380	5
N7	0.60	340	15
N8	0.60	360	5
N9	0.60	380	10

Figure 2. The experiment process of compression strength of the concrete block (N1-N9).

Figure 3. Dimensions of the main components of the steel mold: (a) Horizontal plate; (b) Side plate; (c) Angle yards; (d) Angle yards; (e) Drill location of bottom plate; (f) Overall model of steel die.

Table 4. Dimensions of the main components of the steel mold.

Components	Length(mm)	Width(mm)	Thickness(mm)
Bottom plate	530	330	10
Horizontal plate	390	190	10
Side panel	390	190	10
Inner column	142.5	120	10
Press bar	390	190	8

Figure 4. The production process of the hollow block: (a) Inner column lubrication design; (b) Concrete loading; (c) Clamping bar; (d) Floor stripping; (e) Block release.

Figure 5. The effects of different factors on the compressive strength of concrete:(a) Water-binder ratio; (b) Cement content; (c) Powder-slag ratio.

Figure 6. The results of freeze-thaw test of concrete.

Figure 7. The effects of different factors on the strength loss rate:(a) Water-binder ratio; (b) Cement content; (c) Powder-slag ratio.

Figure 8. The effects of different factors on the mass loss rate:(a) water-binder ratio; (b) cement content; (c) powder-slag ratio.

Table 5. The range analysis of compressive strength.

Analysis of items and levels		A	B	C
		Water-binder ratio	Cement content	Powder slag ratio
Total level ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{ij}}$	I	90.3	87.1	81.7
	II	92.1	84.9	88.4
	III	77.5	87.9	89.8
Average value ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{ij}}={\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{ij}}/3$	I	30.1	29.0	27.2
	II	30.7	28.3	29.5
	III	25.8	29.3	29.9
Range		4.9	1.0	2.7
Ranking of influencing factors		A>C>B

Table 6. The range analysis of strength loss rate.

Analysis of items and levels		A	B	C
		Water-binder ratio	Cement content	Powder slag ratio
Total level ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{ij}}$	I	7.0	10.5	8.7
	II	11.7	5.5	12.9
	III	7.4	10.1	4.5
Average value ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{ij}}={\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{ij}}/3$	I	2.333	3.500	2.900
	II	3.900	1.833	4.300
	III	2.467	3.367	1.500
Range		1.567	1.667	2.800
Ranking of influencing factors		C>B>A

Table 7. The range analysis of mass loss rate.

Analysis of items and levels		A	B	C
		Water-binder ratio	Cement content	Powder slag ratio
Total level ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{ij}}$	I	0.4	0.51	0.43
	II	0.59	0.23	0.71
	III	0.43	0.68	0.28
Average value ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{ij}}={\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{ij}}/3$	I	0.133	0.17	0.143
	II	0.197	0.077	0.237
	III	0.143	0.227	0.093
Range		0.064	0.15	0.144
Ranking of influencing factors		B>C>A

Figure 9. The strength of granite concrete hollow block and minimum value of the strength of MU10.

Figure 10. Compressive strength of new hollow blocks.

Table 8. Compressive strength of new hollow blocks.

Number	Types of block bricks	Compressive strength(Mpa)
A1	Shale and coal gangue hollow blocks	5.55
A2	Recycled fine aggregate and GGBS sludge ceramsite concrete hollow blocks	3.60
A3	Expanded polystyrene waste hollow blocks	5.50
A4	Polypropylene concrete hollow blocks	3.58
A5	New Volcanic Slag Light Aggregate Concrete Hollow Blocks	11.53
A6	Periwinkle shell waste lightweight hollow sand concrete blocks	3.45
A7	N340	1.9
A8	N320	13.0

Table 9. Strength loss rate and mass loss rate of granite concrete hollow block.

Test number	Force (kN)	Strength (Mpa)	Average strength (MPa)	Average strength loss rate (%)	Strength loss rate of Single block (%)	Mass loss rate of Single block (%)	Average mass loss rate (%)
340DN1	789.71	10.68	10.68	18	18	0	0.03
340DN2	676.27	9.22			29	0
340DN3	901.15	12.13			7	0.1
340DBN1	1095.06	14.63	13.01
340DBN2	982.21	13.08
340DBN3	833.08	11.33
320DN1	734.39	9.94	10.41	18	21	0	0
320DN2	813.01	11.00			13	0
320DN3	758.99	10.30			19	0
320DBN1	946.18	12.80	12.71
320DBN2	902.17	12.11
340DBN3	981.24	13.21

Table 10. Frost resistance index of concrete block.

Application conditions	Frost resistance index	Quality loss rate	Strength loss rate
Hot summer and warm winter areas	D15	Average value ≤ 5% Single block maximum ≤ 10%	Average value ≤20% Single block maximum ≤ 30%
Hot summer and cold winter areas	D25
Cold areas	D35
Severe cold areas	D50

Table 11. The price of granite concrete hollow block.

Test number	Cost of concrete 3(yuan/m^3)	Production cost (yuan/m^3);	The cost of Block (yuan/m^3)	The selling price of the block (yuan/m^3)
N320	65.55	9.38	74.93	97.40
N340	67.95	9.38	77.33	1.50

Figure 11. Prices of various types of block bricks.

Table 12. Prices of various types of block bricks.

Number	Types of block bricks	Sizes	Unit	Price(yuan/m^3)
B1	Aerated concrete blocks	600×240×180	m^3	145
B2	Ordinary hollow blocks	390×190×190	m^3	170
B3	Ceramic block	390×190×190	m^3	236
B4	Sintered clay bricks	240×115×53	m^3	147
B5	Solid autoclaved grey sand bricks	240×115×53	m^3	136.5
B6	N320	390×190×190	m^3	97.40
B7	N340	390×190×190	m^3	1.50