Influence of aesthetic design elements on residential satisfaction in apartment based on Seoul apartment complex

Figures & data

Figure 1. Matchbox-like apartment complexes in Korea (source: Korea JoongAng Daily).

Figure 2. Aesthetic design elements in Seoul apartment complex (source: SAMSUNG C&T Corp).

Table 1. Residential satisfaction variable.

Category	Factor (variable)	Criteria
Physical function	Unit size	(m^2)
	Building direction	Southward located: 1, South-east & South-west located: 0
	Total number of households
	Floor Area Ratio	Ground floor area/Area of the plot (%)
	Number of floors	Average number of floors
	Public green space	Landscaping area/Area of the plot (%)
Building performance	Parking convenience	Total number of parking lots/Total number of households (%)
	Children playground	Playground area/Ground floor area (%)
	Noise pollution	Heavy-weight impact sound barrier performance level 1: 1, Other rest: 0
	Thermal comfort	Coefficient of thermal transmission of household exterior walls (w/m^2 ·K)
	Community facilities	Total area of community facilities/Ground floor area (%)
Regional feature	Public transportation	Distance from the underground station (m)
	Adjacent park	Distance from adjacent park (m)
	Adjacent educational facilities	Number of schools within a radius of 500 m
	Adjacent commercial facilities	Distance from adjacent department stores or supermarkets (m)
	Adjacent public facilities	Number of public facilities within a radius of 500 m (police stations, fire stations, community centre, library, etc.)
Aesthetic design	Exterior mass design	Entrance, stairwell, sidewall design: 1, Other rest: 0
	Rooftop design	Rooftop landscape structure design: 1, Other rest: 0
	Material design	Exterior stone cladding, aluminium sheet, Interior stone finish: 1, Other rest: 0
	Main complex entrance design	Main gate landscape structure, gatekeeper house: 1, Other rest: 0
	Lighting design	Integrated lighting design (Main gate, rooftop, sidewall, passageway, landscape): 1, Other rest: 0
	Landscape design	Art sculpture, promenade, street furniture, themed garden: 1, Other rest: 0
	Colour scheme	Consistent colour scheme (signage, pictogram, façade, theme colour): 1, Other rest: 0
	Waterscape design	Biotope, Pond, Fountain, stream, waterfront space: 1, Other rest: 0

Table 2. Basic statistics of apartment complexes.

Category	Factor (Variable)	Minimum value	Maximum value	Mean value	standard deviation
Physical	Unit size	49.15	170.32	84.21	61.923
function	Building direction	0	1	0.46	0.482
	Total number of households	1005	9510	1326	1066.442
	Floor Area Ratio	150	369	277.603	37.917
	Number of floors	22	43	29.48	6.1354
	Public green space	21.05	46.92	33.93	9.2194
Building	Parking convenience	103.27	182.06	116.90	21.723
performance	Children playground	0.6915	1.3208	0.7704	0.2352
	Noise pollution	0	1	0.72	0.3349
	Thermal comfort	0.15	0.21	0.198	0.1283
	Community facilities	4.29	12.83	7.65	1.895
Regional	Public transportation	12.5	1536.4	534.7	293.838
feature	Adjacent park	18.4	2241.8	471.3	331.279
	Adjacent educational facilities	1	6	2.38	0.8992
	Adjacent commercial facilities	8.3	3411.6	1818.7	823.774
	Adjacent public facilities	0	4	1.63	0.899
Aesthetic	Exterior mass design	0	1	0.93	0.216
design	Rooftop design	0	1	0.72	0.336
	Material design	0	1	0.68	0.429
	Main complex entrance design	0	1	0.77	0.305
	Lighting design	0	1	0.53	0.388
	Landscape design	0	1	0.64	0.402
	Colour scheme	0	1	0.59	0.381
	Waterscape design	0	1	0.42	0.590

Table 3. Results of variables of the linear regression model (I).

	R	R^2	Adjusted R^2	Std. Error of the Estimate
Regression model	0.902	0.885	0.847	0.11048
Variance analysis	Sum of squares	df		F	P-value
Regression	58.169	6	7.219	227.923	0.001
Residual	6.104	198	0.17
Total	64.273	204
		Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Residual Normality Test	Standardized residual	Statistics	Degree of freedom	P-value
		0.031	207	0.104

Table 4. Results of coefficients (I).

Variables	Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients		P-value	Multicollinearity
	B	Std.	Beta	t		Tolerance	VIF
Constant	7.190	0.048		87.309	0.001
Unit size	0.028	0.003	0.704	23.801	0.000	0.829	1.220
Public transportation	- 0.002	0.000	- 0.519	- 9.807	0.000	0.540	1.177
Floor Area Ratio	- 0.012	0.001	- 0.228	3.009	0.000	0.631	1.108
Parking convenience	0.023	0.000	0.042	5.736	0.002	0.774	1.433
Total number of households	0.005	0.013	0.125	3.804	0.000	0.818	1.630
Aesthetic design (8 factors)	0.062	0.033	0.075	3.558	0.000	0.731	1.294
Adjacent educational facilities	0.129	0.007	0.224	2.921	0.003	0.809	1.692
Adjacent public facilities	0.054	0.000	0.055	3.334	0.000	0.638	1.821

Table 5. Results of variables of the linear regression model (II).

	R	R^2	Adjusted R^2	Std. Error of the Estimate
Regression model	0.837	0.929	0.767	0.15377
Variance analysis	Sum of squares	df		F	P-value
Regression	67.773	8	6.038	245.029	0.000
Residual	7.561	212	0.088
Total	75.334	220
		Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Residual Normality Test	Standardized residual	Statistics	Degree of freedom	P-value
		0.045	216	0.084

Table 6. Results of coefficients (II).

Variables	Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients		P-value	Multicollinearity
	B	Std.	Beta	t		Tolerance	VIF
Constant	5.298	0.316		16.926	0.000
In Unit size	1.129	0.022	0.529	18.920	0.036	0.599	1.468
In Public transportation	- 0.729	0.038	- 0.469	- 12.088	0.000	0.606	1.339
Noise pollution	0.457	0.065	0.224	8.807	0.000	0.553	2.237
Main complex entrance design	0.262	0.044	0.199	3.395	0.027	0.748	1.136
In Parking convenience	0.083	0.167	0.185	2.091	0.000	0.336	1.448
In Total number of households	0.138	0.029	0.165	3.772	0.000	0.510	1.362
Exterior mass design	0.077	0.050	0.131	3.649	0.030	0.483	1.400
Building direction	0.194	0.037	0.122	2.295	0.004	0.781	2.539
In Community facilities	0.052	0.011	0.077	2.077	0.011	0.539	1.336
In Adjacent educational facilities	0.162	0.046	0.073	3.212	0.000	0.488	1.208
Landscape design	0.285	0.022	0.063	2.870	0.000	0.350	2.082
In Adjacent public facilities	0.085	0.067	0.058	3.334	0.007	0.474	2.221

Table 7. Degree to which variables affect residential satisfaction.

Variables	Standardized Coefficients	Residential satisfaction (%)
In Unit size	0.529	23.05
In Public transportation	- 0.469	20.43
Noise pollution	0.224	9.77
Main complex entrance design	0.199	8.69
In Parking convenience	0.185	8.04
In Total number of households	0.165	7.21
Exterior mass design	0.131	5.72
Building direction	0.122	5.30
In Community facilities	0.077	3.34
In Adjacent educational facilities	0.073	3.17
Landscape design	0.063	2.75
In Adjacent public facilities	0.058	2.53
Total	2.295	100.00