Importance analysis of evaluation items in memorial space planning: enhancing tourism experiences through phenomenological spatial perspectives

Figures & data

Table 1. Elements extracted from the phenomenology of architecture.

No.	Element	Sub-elements
		Juhani Pallasmaa	Steven Holl	Peter Zumthor	Robert McCarter, Juhani Pallasmaa	Pierre von Meiss	Norberg-Schulz
		12 themes	Phenomenal region	12 ambience elements	Cognitive architecture	Elements of architecture	Phenom-enology theory
1	Holistic perception		●	●	●	●	●
2	Orderliness	●		●	●	●	●
3	Volume					●	●
4	Behavioral guidance	●		●		●
5	Relationship between reality and illusion	●
6	Color		●
7	Enclosure relationship	●		●	●	●	●
8	Temperature	●		●	●
9	Tactility	●				●
10	Connectivity	●		●		●	●
11	Light	●	●	●	●	●	●
12	Detail	●	●
13	Landscape	●		●	●	●	●
14	Sound		●	●		●
15	Water		●
16	Structure and layout	●				●
17	Traffic relationship	●					●
18	Continual experience		●				●
19	Visual relationship		●			●	●
20	Objects			●		●
21	Relationship between inside and outside			●		●
22	Proximity			●	●		●
23	Social culture				●
24	Symbolism				●	●	●

Table 2. Classification of phenomenological spatial elements.

Classification Standard		Element Category	24 Phenomenological Spatial Elements
Bodily experience	Bodily perception	Perceptual elements	Temperature, tactility, sound, visual relationships, color
	Body movement	Elements of form	Massing, behavior guidance, intimacy, orderliness, solidity, connectivity, details
		Structural elements	Enclosure, structure and layout, circulation, interior-exterior relationships
Influence of spatial environment	Relationship between spatial environment and social culture	Environmental elements	Lighting, landscape, water, objects
		Overall elements	Holistic perception, sustained experience
		Social elements	Social and cultural factors, symbolism

Table 3. Detailed indicators/items for final evaluation project.

Item	Element	Detailed Indicators/Items	Content of Inquiry
A1	Perceptual elements	Enhancement of memory through visual elements	Have the memorial spaces effectively utilized elements of pictures and videos?
A2		Impact of sound on the understanding of experiential content	Has the sound element of the memorial spaces enhanced the viewer’s understanding of the experiential content?
A3		Tactile experience of material	Have the memorial spaces used materials that satisfy the viewer’s tactile experience?
A4		Ease of information acquisition	Can the audience easily access information related to the exhibits?
A5		Influence of advanced technology on experience	Have the memorial spaces utilized cutting-edge technology to enhance the audience’s satisfaction with the experience?
A6		Correspondence between color and theme	Do the colors of the memorial spaces appropriately reflect the commemorative theme?
B1	Elements of form	Uniqueness of sculpture	Have the memorial spaces utilized various structures and shapes for different mourning themes?
B2		Metaphorical characteristics of form	Does the appearance of the memorial spaces reflect metaphorical features?
B3		Guidance provided by the exterior design	Have the memorial spaces appropriately utilized exterior design to guide the audience’s movement?
B4		Presence or absence of spatial order	Has the use of the orderly and disorderly design of the memorial spaces improved the satisfaction of the experience?
B5		Impact of spatial variation on experience	Have the memorial spaces effectively utilized changes in wall structure (such as hollowing and dividing) to provide the audience with a sense of exploration?
B6		Improvement of spatial details	Have the memorial spaces implemented a significant amount of detailed design to enhance the satisfaction of the experience?
C1	Structural elements	Personal space	Are there independent spaces for the audience to commemorate and reflect?
C2		Interaction between indoor and outdoor spaces	Is the flow of the audience between the interior and exterior of the building reasonably planned?
C3		Use of lighting to expand time and space	Are there elements that utilize light to extend temporal and spatial aspects?
C4		Appropriateness of spatial arrangement	Are the spatial layout and planning of the memorial spaces reasonable?
C5		Provision of multiple behavioral experiences	Have a variety of visiting experiences been provided?
C6		Impact of structural changes on emotions	Have changes in the structure of the floor, ceiling, and walls effectively provided the space with multiple emotional factors?
C7		Relief and exacerbation of various emotions	Has the memorial spaces’ transitional space (the connection between spaces) fully considered the audience’s emotional transition?
D1	Environmental elements	Creation of immersive spatial experiences	Has the space created an ambience in which the audience can quickly immerse themselves?
D2		Serene atmosphere of space	Do the memorial spaces give the impression of being fully isolated from the hustle and bustle of the city?
D3		Coordination with the surrounding environment	Do the memorial spaces complement the surrounding environment?
D4		Coordination between external landscape and architecture	Is the external landscape of the memorial spaces coordinated with the architectural style?
D5		Influence of the environment on experiential behavior	Will the design of the road to the memorial spaces affect the audience’s experience?
D6		Provision of space for emotional relaxation	Is there a space for the audience to relax and release their emotions?
D7		Effective communication of memorial themes	Does the atmosphere created by the memorial spaces effectively convey the commemorative theme?
E1	Overall elements	Organic connections between spaces	Have the organic relationships between the various spaces that constitute the memorial spaces been properly implemented?
E2		Provision of diverse experiential modes	Do the memorial spaces provide a diverse range of experiences for the audience?
E3		Formation of narrative space	From a narrative perspective, is the narrative structure of the space clear?
E4		Continuous experiential space	Have the memorial spaces reasonably planned continuous emotional experience nodes?
E5		Understanding of displayed content	Do the audience members have a good understanding of the content displayed in the memorial spaces?
F1	Social elements	Everyday experience	Can the memorial spaces provide daily urban experiences?
F2		Functionality of mourning	Is there a place for commemoration and mourning?
F3		Participation in space memorial activities	Are regular commemorative events held?
F4		Provision of interpretive services	Are professional interpretive services provided?
F5		Engagement with local culture	Do the memorial spaces appropriately reflect the historical and cultural characteristics of the region in which it is located?
F6		Healing function of emotions	Can the memorial spaces provide the audience with a certain degree of psychological healing?

Table 4. Basic characteristics of AHP respondents.

Category		Number of people	Percentage (%)
Total		100	100.0
Gender	Male	27	54.0
	Female	23	46.0
Age range	Over 20	0	0.0
	Over 30	32	64.0
	Over 40	16	32.0
	Over 50	2	4.0
Profession	Interior design	27	54.0
	Exhibition design	6	12.0
	Visual design	7	14.0
	Architecture	5	10.0
	Public design	5	10.0
Experience	Less than 3 years	0	0.0
	3–5 years	0	0.0
	6–10 years	15	30.0
	11–20 years	27	54.0
	Over 20 years	8	16.0
Education	Undergraduate	0	0.0
	Master’s	8	16.0
	Doctorate in progress	18	36.0
	Completed doctorate	13	26.0
	Doctorate	11	22.0

Table 5. AHP analysis results of main Category planning elements.

Item	Feature Vector	Weight Value	Max. Eigenvalue	CI Value	RI Value	CR Value	Consistency Test
Perceptual elements	1.105	18.42%	6.044	0.009	1.260	0.007	Pass
Elements of form	0.946	15.76%
Structural elements	1.063	17.72%
Environmental elements	0.956	15.94%
Overall elements	1.147	19.11%
Social elements	0.783	13.05%

Note: Generally, when the CR value is less than 0.1, the consistency of the matrix is considered satisfactory. The CR value in this study was calculated to be 0.007 (< 0.1), indicating that the judgment matrix satisfied the consistency test and that the calculated weights were consistent.

Table 6. AHP analysis results for subcategory planning elements.

Item	Feature Vector	Weight Value	Max. Eigenvalue	CI Value	RI Value	CR Value	Consistency Test
A1	1.606	26.77%	6.071	0.014	1.260	0.011	Pass
A2	0.688	11.47%
A3	0.467	7.78%
A4	1.422	23.70%
A5	1.289	21.48%
A6	0.528	8.80%
B1	0.456	7.61%	6.130	0.026	1.260	0.021	Pass
B2	0.717	11.94%
B3	0.712	11.87%
B4	1.407	23.45%
B5	2.267	37.78%
B6	0.441	7.35%
C1	0.317	4.53%	7.103	0.017	1.360	0.013	Pass
C2	0.956	13.65%
C3	1.345	19.21%
C4	2.152	30.75%
C5	0.903	12.9%
C6	0.788	11.26%
C7	0.539	7.71%
D1	0.414	5.91%	7.210	0.035	1.360	0.026	Pass
D2	0.320	4.58%
D3	0.706	10.08%
D4	1.086	15.52%
D5	1.562	22.31%
D6	0.727	10.39%
D7	2.185	31.22%
E1	0.353	7.06%	5.133	0.033	1.120	0.030	Pass
E2	0.834	16.67%
E3	1.759	35.18%
E4	1.276	25.52%
E5	0.778	15.57%
F1	0.627	5.20%	6.060	0.012	1.260	0.009	Pass
F2	1.011	14.26%
F3	0.852	12.70%
F4	0.634	8.90%
F5	1.421	28.18%
F6	1.454	30.77%

Note: Generally, when the CR value is less than 0.1, the consistency of the matrix is considered satisfactory. The obtained CR values in this calculation were all less than 0.1, indicating that the judgment matrix satisfied the consistency test and that the calculated weights were consistent.

Table 7. Ranking of the 37 specific criteria based on weighted importance.

Criteria	Weighted Importance
1. The formation of a narrative space	0.067%
2. The influence of spatial form changes on experience	0.060%
3. The appropriateness of spatial arrangement	0.054%
4. Effective communication of commemorative themes	0.050%
5. Enhancement of memory through visual elements	0.049%
6 .Continuous emotional experiential space	0.049%
7. Ease of information acquisition	0.044%
8. The impact of advanced technology on experience	0.040%
9. The presence of spatial order	0.037%
10. The influence of environment on experiential behavior	0.035%
11. The use of light to extend time and space	0.034%
12. Providing multiple experiential modes	0.032%
13. The healing function of emotions	0.032%
14. Exchange with local culture	0.031%
15. An understanding of exhibition content	0.030%
16. Coordination between external landscape and architecture	0.025%
17. Interaction between indoor and outdoor spaces	0.024%
18. Providing multiple behavioral experiences	0.023%
19. The function of mourning	0.022%
20. The influence of sound on understanding experiential content	0.021%
21. The impact of structural changes on emotions	0.020%
22. Metaphorical characteristics of form	0.019%
23. Guidance of exterior design	0.019%
24. Participation in commemorative activities in space	0.018%
25. Providing space for relaxing emotions	0.017%
26. Correspondence between color and theme	0.016%
27. Coordination with the surrounding environment	0.016%
28. The tactile experience of materials	0.014%
29. Provision of interpretation services	0.014%
30. Relief and excess of various emotions	0.014%
31. Daily experience	0.014%
32. Organic connections between spaces	0.014%
33. The uniqueness of sculpture	0.012%
34. Improvement of details in the space	0.012%
35. Creating a sense of immersion in the space	0.009%
36. Private space	0.008%
37. Tranquility of space	0.007%