Observation scale of space value for measuring successful shopping malls, a case study in Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Distribution of shopping malls in Indonesia.

Figure 2. The history of research developments arrangement of retail space in shopping malls.

Table 1. Factors space value of shopping mall.

Author	Factor	Method
(Hirsch et al. 2016; Yiu, Xu, and Ng 2008; Yuo and Lizieri 2013)	Tenant placement	Quantitative-survey
(Borgers et al. 2010; Eckert, He, and West 2013, 2015; Lv and Wang 2020)		Quantitative-experiments
(Khare 2020)		Qualitative-case study
(Bai and Yao 2018; Zhou and Liu 2021)	Accessibility of space	Quantitative-experiments
(Ortegón-Cortázar and Royo-Vela 2017; Yuan et al. 2021)		Quantitative-survey
(Omer and Goldblatt 2017)	Space visibility	Quantitative-survey and modeling
(Büyükşahin 2022)		Quantitative-Qualitative
(Khairunnisa and Gamal 2022; Park and Zhang 2019)		Quantitative-experiments
(Alagamy et al. 2019)		Qualitative-observation

Figure 3. The flow of triangulation method.

Figure 4. Territorial division and distribution of shopping malls in Jakarta and Surabaya, Indonesia.

Table 2. Data shopping malls.

No	Shopping mall name	Design of space	Total area	Total tenant and service (unit)	Total anchor tenant (unit)
1	Grand Indonesia Shopping Town	Linear	141,472 m^2	214	10
2	Kota Kasablanka	Cartesian	115,000 m^2	227	13
3	Pondok Indah Mall	Branch system; Linear	103,000 m^2	542	18
4	Central Park Mall	Linear	188,077 m^2	250	7
5	Summarecon Mall Kelapa Gading	Branch system; Linear	150,000 m^2	488	12
6	AEON Mall JGC – Jakarta Garden City	Linear	135,000 m^2	227	5
7	Pakuwon Mall Surabaya	Combination	200,000 m^2	200	22
8	Ciputra World	Combination	150.000 m^2	300	21

Table 3. Similarities and differences in the factor of space value in the shopping malls.

Factor	Similarities and Differences	Shopping mall
		GI	Kokas	PIM	CP	MKG	AEON	PM	Ciwo
Tenant placement	Tenant grouping strategies	Department	Department	Department	Department	Department	Department	Department	Department
	Placement of the restaurant area and food court	Top floor	Lower ground floor	Top floor	Lower ground floor	Top floor	Top floor	Top floor	Top floor
	Supermarket placement	Lower ground floor	Lower ground floor	Lower ground floor	Lower ground floor	Lower ground floor	Lower ground floor	Lower ground floor	Lower ground floor
Accessibility of space	Vertical	Dominance of escalators	Dominance of escalators	Dominance of escalators and elevators	Dominance of escalators and elevators	Dominance of escalators and elevators	Dominance of escalators	Dominance of escalators	Dominance of escalators
	Horizontal	-	-	Bridge between corridors	-	Bridge between corridors	Bridge between corridors	-	Bridge between corridors
Visibility visitor	Inter-floor (Atrium)	rectangle	Circle and rectangle	Oval	Oval	Circle and rectangle	Circle	Oval	Oval
	Intra-floor (Store lineup settings)	linier	Linier and elips	elips	Linier and elips	Linier and elips	elips	elips	elips

Table 4. Indicators for each space value factor.

Factor space value	Indicator
Tenant placement	The main anchor is at the end of the space; non-anchor tenant locations are close to anchor tenants or famous brands; non-anchor tenants are adjacent to circulation areas; grouping similar tenants based on their zoning.
Accessibility of space	Placement of elevators or escalators near the entrance; the degree of connectivity between spaces through horizontal routes; elevators and escalators are easy to reach from and to all tenants; there is a seating area.
Visibility visitor	The tenant area can only be seen from the same floor level; the tenant area can be seen from different floor levels; the tenant area can be seen at approximately 45° around the atrium.

Table 5. Scale value on the value of space shopping mall.

Factor	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Tenant Placement	Grouping similar tenants based on their zoning.		Non-anchor tenant locations are close to anchor tenants or famous brands.		The main anchor is at the end of the space.		Non-anchor tenants are adjacent to circulation areas.
Accessibility of space	There is a seating area.		Placement of elevators or escalators near the entrance.		The degree of connectivity between spaces through horizontal routes		Elevators and escalators are easy to reach from and to all tenants.
Visibility visitor	The tenant area can only be seen from the same floor level.			The tenant area is 45° around the atrium.			The tenant area can be seen from different floor levels.

Figure 5. Level of application of the space value factor on shopping mall.

Table 6. Pairwise comparison matrix.

Value of space	Tenant placement	Accessibility of space	Visibility
Tenant placement	1	1/5	1/4
Space accessibility	5	1	3
Visibility	4	1/3	1
Total	10	1.53	4.25

Table 7. Normalized criterion degrees.

Value of space	Tenant placement	Accessibility of space	Visibility	Total	Weight
Tenant placement	0.10	0.13	0.06	0.29	0.10
Space accessibility	0.50	0.65	0.71	1.86	0.62
Visibility	0.40	0.22	0.24	0.85	0.28

Table 8. Evaluation of attribute.

Factor	Tenant placement	Accessibility of space	Visibility	Total
% Weight	10	60	30	100
Available points	70	420	210	700
GI	7	6	6	610
	70	360	180
Kokas	7	6	7	640
	70	360	210
PIM	6	7	7	690
	70	420	210
CP	5	5	7	560
	50	300	210
MKG	5	7	7	680
	50	420	210
AEON	5	6	4	530
	50	360	120
PM	6	7	6	660
	60	420	180
Ciwo	5	5	7	560
	50	300	210

Figure 6. Illustration of a shopping mall chart with the best value in spatial planning.

Figure 7. Crowd level for each floor (weekdays).

Figure 8. Crowd level for each floor (weekend).

Figure 9. Tenant placement in PIM shopping mall (source: Author archives).

Figure 10. Ease of vertical accessibility through vertical transportation (escalators and elevators) in MKG (a); ease of horizontal accessibility through the use of bridges between corridors in PIM (b) (source: Author archives).

Figure 11. Limited visual access for visitors in AEON (a); ease of visitor visibility in Kokas (b) (source: Author archives).

Hirsch, J., M. Segerer, K. Klein, and T. Wiegelmann. 2016. “The Analysis of Customer Density, Tenant Placement and Coupling Inside a Shopping Centre with GIS.” Journal of Property Research 33 (1): 37–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/09599916.2015.1135977.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yuan, Y., G. Liu, R. Dang, S. S. Y. Lau, and G. Qu. 2021. “Architectural Design and Consumer Experience: An Investigation of Shopping Malls Throughout the Design Process.” Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing & Logistics 33 (9): 1934–1951. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-06-2020-0408.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhou, Q., and Z. Liu. 2021. “Research on the Optimization Strategy of Shopping Mall Spatial Layout in Hefei Based on Space Syntax Theory.” Complexity 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5535738.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Borgers, A., M. Brouwer, T. Kunen, J. Jessurun Joran, and I. Janssen Ingrid. 2010. “A Virtual Reality Tool to Measure shoppers’ Tenant Mix Preferences.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 34 (5): 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2010.04.002.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Eckert, A., Z. He, and D. S. West. 2013. “An Empirical Examination of Clustering and Dispersion within Canadian Shopping Centers.” Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services 20 (6): 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.06.006.

 Google Scholar

Ma, Y. 2022. Number of Newly Opened and Closed Convenience Stores in China 2019-2021. Accessed June 15, 2023 https://www.statista.com/statistics/1180058/china-number-of-convenience-store-openings-and-closings/.

 Google Scholar

Kim, J. S. 2013. “A Study on the Effect That V.M.D (Visual Merchandising Design) in Store Has on Purchasing Products.” International Journal of Smart Home 7 (4): 217–224.

 Google Scholar

Bai, X., and S. Yao. 2018. “Exploration of a New Method of Spatial Analysis to Predict the Pedestrian Pattern in the Circulation Spaces of Shopping Centers: The Case of Shenzhen.” International Journal of High-Rise Buildings 7 (2): 171–183. https://doi.org/10.21022/IJHRB.2018.7.2.171.

 Google Scholar

Park, S., and S. Zhang. 2019. “A Pilot Study of Circulation Layout Based on Perceived Retail Crowding.” Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services 49:305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.04.008.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yuo, T. S. T., and C. Lizieri. 2013. “Tenant Placement Strategies within Multi-Level Large-Scale Shopping Centers.” Journal of Real Estate Research 35 (1): 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2013.12091352.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Orr, A. M., and J. L. Stewart. 2022. “Property Use Diversity and Spatial Accessibility within Urban Retailing Centres: Drivers of Retail Rents.” Journal of Property Research 39 (4): 365–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09599916.2022.2046138.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Büyükşahin, S. 2022. “Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Spatial Preferences and Usage Habits of Users in Shopping Malls and Its Relation with Circulation Layout.” Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101838.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Khare, A. 2020. “Location and Agglomeration Factors Predicting retailers’ Preference for Indian Malls.” Journal of Marketing Analytics 8 (4): 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-020-00075-7.

 Google Scholar

Putra, A. H. P. K., S. Said, and S. Hasan. 2017. “Implication of External and Internal Factors of Mall Consumers in Indonesia to Impulsive Buying Behavior.” International Journal of Business Accounting and Management 2 (4): 1–10.

 Google Scholar

Alagamy, S. F., K. Al-Hagla, Y. Anany, and R. Raslan. 2019. “An Integrated Approach for Analyzing Connectivity in Atria.” Alexandria Engineering Journal 58 (1): 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2018.12.005.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar